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Tissue Biology > Liver and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver and Pancreas Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The liver is the largest internal organ, how much does it weigh

A

Roughly 1.5kg in adults

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2
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

In the right quadrant of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm

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3
Q

The liver consists of four lobes, what are these?

A

two major and two small inferior

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4
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

Parietal peritoneum is that portion that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

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5
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

Visceral peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs, including the intestinal tract.

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6
Q

What is the liver covered by?

A

A thin capsule and mesothelium of the visceral peritoneum

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7
Q

What is a mesothelium?

A

A membrane composed of simple squamous cells that form the lining of several body cavities

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8
Q

The liver receives a dual blood supply, explain.

A

It receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic artery which carries oxygen from the heart and hepatic portal vein which carries nutrient rich blood from the GI tract

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9
Q

Where does venous drainage of blood occur in the liver?

A

via the hepatic vein into the vena cava

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10
Q

What are the six main functions of the liver

A
  1. fat metabolism
  2. carbohydrate metabolism
  3. protein metabolism
  4. storage
  5. intermediary metabolism
  6. secretion
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11
Q

During fat metabolism, the liver is responsible for oxidising triglycerides to produce what?

A

energy

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12
Q

During fat metabolism, the liver is responsible for synthesising what three substances?

A

lipoproteins, cholesterol and phospholipid

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13
Q

During carbohydrate metabolism, the liver is responsible for converting carbohydrates and proteins into what?

A

fatty acids and triglyceride

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14
Q

During carbohydrate metabolism, what three methods are used by the liver in order to regulate blood glucose concentrations?

A

Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage.

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16
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogenolysis is the biochemical breakdown of glycogen to glucose whereas glycogenesis is the opposite, the formation of glycogen from glucose.

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17
Q

What is glyconeogenesis?

A

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

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18
Q

The liver holds the function of protein metabolism, give some examples of plasma proteins it is responsible for synthesising

A

albumin and clotting factors

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19
Q

The liver is responsible for the synthesis of non essential

A

amino acids

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20
Q

Under protein metabolism, the liver functions to detoxify what, and give an example

A

Detoxification of metabolic waste products such as the deamination of amino acids and urea production

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21
Q

What does the liver function to store

A

glycogen, vitamins and iron

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22
Q

How is the liver involved in intermediary metabolism?

A

Because it is involved in the detoxification of drugs and toxins such as alcohol

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23
Q

What secretory purpose does the liver hold

A

the synthesis and secretion of bile

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24
Q

What are the key liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

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25
Q

How are the hepatocytes arranged in the liver

A

Arranged as thin plates, only one cell thick

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26
Q

How would one describe the hepatocytes in terms of shape and nuclei?

A

Large cuboidal or polyhedral cells, round central nuclei, prominent nucleoli

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27
Q

Why is the cytoplasm of hepatocytes eosinophilic?

A

The cytoplasm has numerous mitochondria. Eosin is a pink colour and is an acidic dye - negatively charged that binds to positively charged particles like the mitochondria and many components of the cytoplasm

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28
Q

Hepatocytes are often seen as which types of cells? Uninucleate, binucleate or multinucleate?

A

BINUCLEATE BABES - they are commonly seen

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29
Q

More than half of the hepatocytes contain twice the normal complement of chromosomes, what are they referred to as?

A

tetraploid

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30
Q

When looking at a histology slide of a collection of hepatocyes, we may see irregular unstained areas. Why is this?

A

This is because the glyocogen and lipid are removed during processing

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31
Q

The liver is a very solid organ. The outer surface is covered by a capsule composed of collagenous tissue called

A

the Glisson’s capsule

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32
Q

The Glisson’s capsule which is a collagenous tissue covering the outside layer of the liver is surrounded by what cell layer?

A

Mesothelial cell layer from the peritoneum

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33
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the liver called

A

Hepatic lobules

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34
Q

What do hepatic lobules contain?

A

Portal tracts

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35
Q

What does each portal tract of the hepatic lobule of the liver contain? Which three main structures?

A

The hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery and a bile ductule

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36
Q

What surrounds each of the portal tracts?

A

Plates of hepatocytes

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37
Q

How is the structural integrity of the liver maintained?

A

By a meshwork of reticulin fibres

38
Q

Reticulin fibres contain which type of collagen fibres?

A

Collagen type 3 fibres

39
Q

What specifically do the reticulin fibres which are made of type 3 collagen fibres provide support to?

A

To the hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells

40
Q

What are the reticulin fibres stained with?

A

Silver - shows reticulin as a black-stained material.

41
Q

What is a hepatic lobule

A

The structural unit of the liver

42
Q

What type of shape does a hepatic lobule have

A

A hexagonal shape

43
Q

What is a hepatic lobule centred around?

A

A terminal hepatic venule

44
Q

Blood flows from the portal vein and hepatic artery in the portal tract to where?

A

To the central veins

45
Q

Where does blood flow along in the hepatic lobules of the liver

A

Along sinusoids lined with endothelial cells

46
Q

The close association sinusoids have with hepatocytes allows what to occur?

A

Absorption of nutrients and secretion of hepatic products

47
Q

What is the alternative model of the liver called?

A

The hepatic acinus

48
Q

The alternative model for the liver louble referred to as the hepatic acinus is a berry shaped unit of liver parenchyma centered on a

A

portal tract

49
Q

The hepatic acinus lies between two or more

A

terminal hepatic venules

50
Q

In the hepatic acinus model, blood flows from the portal tracts through the _____ to the _____

A

sinusoids and venules

51
Q

The hepatic acinus model is divided into how many zones?

A

Three zones

52
Q

The three different zones of the hepatic acinus model is because each zone has

A

different metabolic functions

53
Q

Describe the location of zone 1

A

It is closest to the portal tract so it receives the most oxygenated blood

54
Q

Describe the location of zone 3

A

Zone 3 is found closest to the central vein

55
Q

Describe the oxygen concentration of zone 3 and which enzymes are therefore present

A

Least oxygen, so high in esterases and low in oxidative enzymes

56
Q

What is an esterase?

A

An esterase is a hydrolase enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis.

57
Q

What type of endothelium does the sinusoid have in the hepatic lobule?

A

Fenestrated

58
Q

Do the sinusoids present in the hepatic lobules have a basement membrane?

A

No homie

59
Q

There are microvilli present in the hepatocytes of the liver for what reason?

A

To increase the surface area for metabolic exchange

60
Q

What is the space of disse?

A

The location in the liver between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid

61
Q

What does the space of disse bathe the hepatocyte surface with?

A

With plasma, microvilli of the hepatocytes extend here to allow exchange

62
Q

Where does the space of disse plasma drain into?

A

Into lymphatics in portal tract

63
Q

What are the three types of cells lining the sinusoids?

A

Endothelial cells
Kupffer cells
Stellate cells

64
Q

Describe the endothelial cells that line the sinusoids

A

Most numerous, flat darkly stained nuclei, thin fenestrations - large pores

65
Q

Describe the kupffer cells

A

Large plum cells with ovoid nuclei

66
Q

What is the function of the kupffer cells

A

Monocyte-phagocyte system and removal of spent erythrocytes

67
Q

What are the main functions of the stellate cells?

A

Fat storage, lipid droplets - vit A. Production of ECM and collagen

68
Q

Bile is produced by all

A

hepatocytes

69
Q

The apical surfaces of hepatocytes form what thin tube like structure into which bile is secreted?

A

Bile canaliculi

70
Q

Bile canaliculi form a network of channels through the

A

hepatocyte plates

71
Q

Bile flow progresses in which direction compared to that of the blood?

A

Opposite direction

72
Q

Bile canaliculi of adjacent hepatocyte plates merge to form which structure

A

canals of Hering

73
Q

What are the canals of Hering lined by?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells - cholangiocytes

74
Q

What do the canals of hering join together to form?

A

Bile ductules in the portal areas

75
Q

Where do bile ductules drain?

A

Into the bilary tree

76
Q

What does the intrahepatic bile collecting system consist of?

A

Bile canaliculi, bile ductules and bile ducts

77
Q

What do the intrahepatic bile colllecting system merge to form?

A

The left and right hepatic ducts

78
Q

The left and right hepatic ducts join to form the

A

common hepatic duct

79
Q

On leaving the liver, the common hepatic duct is joined by which duct?

A

the cystic duct

80
Q

The cystic duct and hepatic duct drain into the gall bladder forming which structure?

A

The common bile duct

81
Q

What do common bile ducts join to

A

The pancreatic duct

82
Q

The common bile ducts and pancreatic ducts join to form which structure

A

the short ampulla of vater

83
Q

where does the short ampula of vater enter

A

the duodenum

84
Q

How would one describe the structure of the gall bladder?

A

A hollow, pear shaped muscular sac attached to the lower surface of the liver

85
Q

What type of epithelial cell surrounds the gall bladder?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

86
Q

What is the volume capacity of the bile duct in humans?

A

100mL

87
Q

How does the gall bladder end up contracting and releasing the bile into the duodenum?

A

The presence of lipid in the duodenum promotes secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) by neuroendocrine cells of duodenal mucosa

88
Q

How would you describe the wall of the gall bladder?

A

Mucosa of wall is highly folded and lined with a simple columnar epithelium

89
Q

How many muscle layers does the gall bladder have?

A

Only one

90
Q

What is the serosa present in the gall bladder?

A

A serous membrane (also referred to as a serosa) is one of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

91
Q

What two structures are absent in the histology of the gall bladder?

A

No muscularis mucosa and submucosa

Tissue Biology (16 decks)

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