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Tissue Biology > Lower GI Tract > Flashcards

Lower GI Tract Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the small intestine the principal site for?

A

For absorption of digestion products by cells of the epithelial lining

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2
Q

What three regions make up the small intestine

A

the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum

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3
Q

How long is the small intestine in adults

A

4-6metres

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4
Q

The mucosa and the submucosa of the small intestine is of what shape?

A

Highly folded

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5
Q

What is the plicae circularis (folds of Kerckring)?

A

They are large deep permanent folds of the mucosa and sub mucosa

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6
Q

What are the villi

A

finger like projections

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7
Q

where are the microvilli found in the small intestine?

A

On the enterocytes

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8
Q

What is an enterocyte?

A

Enterocytes, or intestinal absorptive cells, are simple columnar epithelial cells found in the small intestine.

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9
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

rich vascular and lymphatic network to absorb products of digestion

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10
Q

What is the prominent feature of the small intestine found in the lamina propria called?

A

Peyer’s patches

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11
Q

What are peyers patches?

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue

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12
Q

Where are peyers patches found least and most in the small intestine?

A

Least in duodenum and most prominent in terminal ileum

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13
Q

How would you describe the shape of the peyers patches?

A

Groups of lymphoid nodules which bulge dome like into the lumen

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14
Q

What is the function of the peyers patches?

A

Function as an immune surveillance system

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15
Q

What cells make up the peyers patches?

A

Germinal centre of proliferating and maturing b cells surrounded by a mantle of small resting lymphocytes

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16
Q

What is the epithelium overlying the domes of the peyers patches specialised for?

A

Antigen uptake

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17
Q

What is the germinal centre of the peyers patches made of cell wise?

A

b cells

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18
Q

what is the mantle of the peyers patches made of cell wise?

A

resting lymphocytes

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19
Q

What type of epithelium cell are villi lined by?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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20
Q

The epithelium cells between villi of the small intestine invaginate to form what structure?

A

The crypts of Lieberkuhn

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21
Q

What types of cells are present in the crypts? list six

A

Enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, neuroendocrine cells, stem cells and intraepithelial lymphocyte

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22
Q

what are enterocytes?

A

most numerous, tall columnar and have surface microvilli

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23
Q

What do goblet cells present in the crypts produce?

A

mucin

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24
Q

what are paneth cells

A

form base of crypts, eosinophilic apical granules. release lysozyme, phospholipase a2, defensins

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25
Q

what are neuroendocrine cells

A

produce locally acting hormones,

26
Q

what are stem cells

A

differentiate into the other five types of cells mentioned

27
Q

what is the function of intraepithelial lymphocytes

A

immune defence

28
Q

list three locally acting hormones the endocrine cells may secrete in the small intestine

A

somatostatin, secretin and serotonin

29
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

the first part of the small intestine

30
Q

where is the duodenum attached to the stomach?

A

To the pylorus

31
Q

What does the duodenum receive from the stomach via the pyloric canal?

A

Acidic chyme

32
Q

How long is the duodenum in adults?

A

20-30cm

33
Q

What shape is duodenum?

A

c shaped

34
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

neutralises gastric acid and pepsin and initiates further digestive processes

35
Q

what is special about the mucosa of the duodenum of the small intestine

A

it has characteristic villus form

36
Q

where are the drypts of lieberkuhn found in the duodenum?

A

extending down to the muscularis mucosae

37
Q

list four things the submucosa layer of the duodenum contains

A

bruner’s glands, tall columnar cells, mucigen filled cytoplasm, basally located nuclei

38
Q

How do the bruner’s glands protect the mucous membrane?

A

Alkaline mucous from Bruner’s glands neutralises chyme from stomach, protecting the mucous membrane

39
Q

List two other substances the bruner’s gland secretes other than alkaline mucous

A

lysozyme and egf Epidermal growth factor

40
Q

the function of lysozyme enzymes is what?

A

catalyse the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria

41
Q

The small intestine may have a _____ present on the apical portion of the microvilli

A

glycocalyx

42
Q

glycoprotein enzymes are secreted by the

A

enterocytes in the small intestine

43
Q

the intestinal villi is the site for

A

absorption of pancreatic enzymes , protects against autodigestion

44
Q

The jejunum and ileum are histologically identical except from their…

A

villi

45
Q

The villi is longest in which out of the two, the jejunum or the ileum?

A

Longest in duodenum, shorter towards ileum

46
Q

In which structure out of the jejunum and ileum is lymphoid tissue more prominent?

A

In the ileum

47
Q

The proportion of goblet cells is greater in which structure, the ileum or the jujenum

A

the ileum

48
Q

where is the bruner’s glands found out of the ileum and jejunum

A

in the duodenum

49
Q

the plicae circulares are only found in the

A

jejunum and ileum

50
Q

where does the undigested food go from the ileum?

A

undigested food is propelled from the ileum into the first part of the large intestine into the caecum

51
Q

which valve does the undigested food pass to get from the ileum to the caecum

A

the ileocaecal valve

52
Q

the ilecaecal valve is an extension of what structure

A

the muscularis propria

53
Q

what five structures does the large intestine consist of

A

the colon, caecum, appendix, rectum and anal canal

54
Q

what is the principle function of the large intestine

A

reabsorption of electrolytes and water, elimination of undigested food and waste

55
Q

describe the mucosa of the large intestine

A

numerous straight glands, no villi present

56
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelium

57
Q

there are numerous mucous secreting goblet cells and absorptive cells present in the large intestine, for what reason?

A

for lubrication and for absorption

58
Q

what is the function of the auerbach’s plexus in the large intestine

A

regulation of peristaltic contractions by nerve fibres located between circular and longitudinal layers of muscle

59
Q

describe the structure of the appendix

A

a blind ended tubular sac attached to caecum

60
Q

in the submucosa of the appendix what would you find?

A

masses of lymphoid tissue

61
Q

in the appendix the ____ are spaced more widely than anywhere else in the large intestine

A

glands

Tissue Biology (16 decks)

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