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Tissue Biology > The Salivary Glands > Flashcards

The Salivary Glands Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

there are three major pairs of salivary glands what are they called

A

the parotid, the submandibular and the sublingual

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2
Q

other than the three major pairs of salivary glands what other glands are able to secrete saliva

A

numerous minor accessory glands scattered throughout the oral mucosa

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3
Q

how would you describe saliva

A

a hypotonic watery secretion

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4
Q

list four things the saliva contains

A

mucus, enzymes, antibodies and inorganic ions

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5
Q

list three enzymes found in saliva

A

amylase, lipase, lysozyme

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6
Q

list an antibody found in the saliva

A

IgA

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7
Q

the overall composition of saliva will vary according to what

A

according to which of the glands is most active

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8
Q

when do minor glands secrete and under which control are they

A

minor glands secrete continously and are under local control

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9
Q

when do major glands secrete

A

in response to parasympathetic activity which is induced by physical, chemical and psychological stimuli

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10
Q

what is the daily saliva production in humans

A

600-1500ml

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11
Q

focusing on the innervation of the salivary glands, where do sensory fibres in the anterior third of the tongue travel to

A

the facial nerve

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12
Q

focusing on the innervation of the salivary glands, where do the posterior two thirds of the tongue travel to

A

the glossopharyngeal nerve

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13
Q

where does the facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve synapse

A

in the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in the brain stem

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14
Q

what do the facial nerve branches innervate, which glands

A

the submandibular and the sublingual

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15
Q

what do the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate, which gland/glands

A

the parotid gland

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16
Q

what is the main neurotransmitter involved in the control of salivary secretion

A

acetylcholine

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17
Q

which two methods do the salivary glands use in order to increase secretion

A
  1. vasodilation 2. myoepithelial contraction
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18
Q

there are two main types of secretory cells, what are these

A

serous cells and mucous cells

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19
Q

what do serous cells releae

A

serous fluid

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20
Q

what do serous cells contain that produce the serous fluid

A

zymogen granules

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21
Q

what do zymogen granules contain

A

enzyme containing

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22
Q

where are the zymogen granules found

A

found apically

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23
Q

what kind of enzymes do the zymogen granules produce

A

amylase and lipase

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24
Q

in a histology slide of serous cells, where are the nuclei found and what do they loo like

A

nuclei are basally located, rounded with dispersed chromatin

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25
Q

what do mucous cells contain

A

mucigen granules

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26
Q

how are mucigen granules stained

A

weakly stained

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27
Q

what are the nuclei characteristcally like in mucous cells

A

nuclei characteristically are flattened against the basement membrane

28
Q

where does a serous demilune present itself

A

in mixed secretory units where mucous cells predominate, a semilunar cap of serous cells called a serous demilune is seen

29
Q

how would you describe the shape of a serous demilune

A

a crescent shape

30
Q

what sort of structure does a salivary secretory unit portray

A

a terminal branched tubulo-acinar structure

31
Q

what is a salivary secretory unit composed of

A

serous cells, mucous cells or both

32
Q

where are myoepithelial cells

A

they are found around the acini located between the basal plasma cell membranes of the secretory cells and the basement membrane

33
Q

what is the funtion of the myoepithlial cells

A

on contraction, they force the secretions from the acinar lumen into the duct system

34
Q

how would you describe the appearance of a myoepithelial cell

A

flattened cell with long processes which extend around the acinus

35
Q

how can myoepithelial cells be recognised using immunohistochemistry

A

stained using the immunohistochemical technqiue with an antibody specific for actin the microfilament characteristic of muscle cells but not usually found in epithelial cells

36
Q

what do terminal secretory units merge to form

A

intercalated ducts

37
Q

what are intercalated ducts lined by

A

cuboidal secretory cells

38
Q

what do intercalated ducts join to form

A

intralobular ducts, also called striated ducts

39
Q

what gives the appearance of radial striations in the striated ducts

A

the infoldings of the basal membranes of their lining cells give the appearance of radial striations from the base to the nuclei of the cells

40
Q

what kind of epithelial cells are striated ducts/ interlobular ducts lined by

A

tall columnar cells

41
Q

how would you describe the nucleus of the tall columnar cells in the epithelial cells lining the striated/interlobular ducts

A

a large nuclei towards the apex of the cell

42
Q

what do the interlobular/striated ducts join to form

A

larger excretory ducts

43
Q

what type of epithelium lines the oral cavity

A

stratified, non-keratinised squamous epithelium

44
Q

what are all the major glands divided into

A

lobules

45
Q

what do the lobules making up the major glands contain

A

many secretory units, by fibrous septae

46
Q

occasionally what types of cells are seen in the major glands

A

adipocytes - fat cells

47
Q

the number of adipocytes present in the major glands increase with what

A

increase with age

48
Q

what do the striated ducts lead into

A

larger excretory ducts

49
Q

where are the excretory ducts found

A

in fibrous septae alongside arteries and veins

50
Q

what type of cells does the parotid gland mainly consist of

A

serous cells

51
Q

what sort of secretion does the parotid gland release

A

a watery secretion rich in enzymes and antibodies

52
Q

why does the parotid gland have large striated ducts

A

to convert saliva to a hypotonic solution

53
Q

through what duct does the serous solution produced by the parotid gland enter the oral cavity

A

through the stensen’s duct after passing through the intercalated ducts which are prominent in the gland

54
Q

about how much saliva is produced by the parotid gland

A

despite being the largest pair of glands, only approx 25% of saliva is produced by the parotid

55
Q

histology of the parotid gland predominantly shows what

A

serous acini

56
Q

what type of cells make up the submandibular gland

A

consists of a mixture of serous and mucous cells often found as mixed seromucous secretory units

57
Q

what special structure is seen in the submandibular gland

A

serous demilunes due to both types of cells - the mucous cells and the serous cells

58
Q

roughly how much saliva do the submandibular glands account for

A

70%

59
Q

about how much do the submandibular glands weigh

A

15 grams

60
Q

which type of cell is most active in the submandibular gland

A

the serous cells

61
Q

what enzyme does the serous cells of the submandibular glands produce

A

salivary amylase for the breakdown of starches

62
Q

what do the mucous cells of the submandibular glands produce and what does this aid in

A

they secrete mucin which aids in the lubrication of the food bolus as it travels through the oesophagus

63
Q

what type of cell does the sublingual gland have

A

mucous

64
Q

what type of secretion does the sublingual gland have

A

a viscid secretion due to many mucous cell

65
Q

what type of duct do the sublingual glands not have

A

they dont have striated ducts

66
Q

as the sublingual glands do not have striated duts, how does the saliva exit

A

through 8-20 excretory ducts

67
Q

approximately how much of the saliva entering the oral cavity comes from the sublingual gland

A

5%

Tissue Biology (16 decks)

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