Upper GI Pathology

Question 1

What is oesophageal reflux?

what is its impacts and happens when it gets severe?

Answer 1

reflux of gastric acid into oesophagus

thickening of squamous epithelium leading to ulceration of the oesophagus

Question 2

complications of oesophageal reflux?

Answer 2

healing by fibrosis (stricture, impaired motility, obstruction)

Barrett’s oesophagus

Question 3

what is Barrett’s oesophagus?

Answer 3

type of metaplaplasia, transfer of a tissue type to another

transformation from squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium

pre-malignant condition

Question 4

types of oesophageal cancer?

Answer 4

squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

Question 5

risk factors for squamous carcinoma?

Answer 5

smoking/alcohol/dietary factors

Question 6

risk factors for adenocarcinoma?

Answer 6

risk increased by Barrett’s metaplasia and obesity (reflux?)

Question 7

3 types of gastritis?

Answer 7

Autoimmune
Bacterial
Chemical injury

Question 8

Autoimmune gastritis?

Answer 8

organ-specific with autoantibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor

loss of specialised gastric epithelial cells (decreased acid secretion, loss of intrinsic factor which can result in VB12 deficiency)

Question 9

Bacterial gastritis?

Answer 9

commonest
H.pylori related
Gram negative bacteria causes inflammatory response resulting in increased acid production

Question 10

chemical gastritis?

Answer 10

Drugs
Alcohol
Bile reflux

Question 11

What is peptic ulceration?

Answer 11

imbalance between acid secretion and mucosal barrier

Question 12

what does peptic ulceration effect and what does it result in?

Answer 12

affects oesophagus, stomach and duodenum

results in bleeding, perforation (peritonitis) and healing by fibrosis

Question 13

what is intrinsic factor required for?

Answer 13

Vitamin B12