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Upper extremity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three parts to the sternum from superior to inferior

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid

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2
Q

which end of the clavicle is round and why

A

the sternal end (the medial side) bc it fits into the manubrium of the sternum

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3
Q

what structure serves as the site of attachment for ligaments on the clavicle and which end of the clavicle is it closest to?

A

conoid tubercle on the posterior surface of the clavicle

closest to the acromial end (flat end)

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4
Q

what are the 3 borders of the scapula

A

medial / vertebral
lateral
superior

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5
Q

what regions does the spine of the scapula divide

A

suspraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa

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6
Q

what is a feature on the superior border of the scapula

A

suprascapular notch

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7
Q

as you move laterally, the spine of the scapual becomes the what? what does it attach to ?

A

the acromion process attached to the acromial end of the clavicle

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8
Q

what is the name of the region where the medial and lateral border of the scapula meet

A

inferior angle

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9
Q

what is the name of the region on the ventral surface of the scapula

A

subscapular fossa

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10
Q

what is the region on the scapula that articulates with the humeral head

A

glenoid cavity

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11
Q

what bony processes are on the top and bottom of the glenoid cavity

A

supraglenoid tubercle

infraglenoid tubercle

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12
Q

laterally to the suprascapular notch is a bony process called

A

coracoid

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13
Q

what is the difference between the anatomical neck and surgical neck of the humerus

A

the anatomical neck is where the fused epiphysis is

surgical is the common site of fracture

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14
Q

the intertubercular groove is between what two features on the humerus

A

greater and lesser tubercle

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15
Q

where does the deltoid muscle attach on the humerus

A

deltoid tuberosity

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16
Q

what is the structure on the posterior side of the humerus and what nerve travels along it

A

radial groove and radial nerve

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17
Q

all muscles that have an action on the upper extremity are innervated by nerves from

A

the brachial plexus (ventral rami from C5-T1)

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18
Q

t/f each nerve has fibers from one spinal cord segment

A

false: each nerve can contain fibers from more than 1 spinal cord segment

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19
Q

what three portions do the roots of the brachial plexus (C5-T1) give rise to

A

supraclavicular branch
intraclavicular branch
terminal branches of brachial plexus (5)

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20
Q

what region does the supraclavicular branch innervate

A

dorsal scapular region

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21
Q

what region does the infraclavicular branch innervate

A

pectoral region

ventral scapular region

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22
Q

what region does the axillary nerve innervate

A

deltoid region

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23
Q

what region does the radial nerve innervate

A

posterior arm and posterior forearm

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24
Q

what region does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate

A

anterior arm

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25
Q

what region does the median nerve innervate

A

anterior forearm and hand

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26
Q

what region does the median nerve innervate

A

anterior forearm and hand

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27
Q

from medially to laterally, what was the axillary artery called before it became the axillary

A

subclavian artery

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28
Q

where does the axillary artery start and end

A

starts lateral to first rib

ends at inferior border of teres major

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29
Q

at inferior border of teres major the axillary artery is continuous with what artery

A

brachial artery

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30
Q

from the heart, list the arteries til brachial

A

ascending aorta –> [brachiocephalic trunk - only if going to the right side of body] –> subclavian artery –> axillary –> brachial artery

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31
Q

what does the brachial artery branch into

A

brachial profunda artery (aka deep artery of arm) above the elbow
at the elbow, the brachial divides into radial and ulnar artery

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32
Q

the ulnar artery continues into the hand where it is the main supply of

A

the superficial palmar arch

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33
Q

the radial artery continues into the hand where it is the main supply of

A

deep palmar arch

**think: raDial and Deep

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34
Q

upper extremity venous drainage starts at the

A

hand

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35
Q

what drains the superficial and deep venous palmar arches

A

a dorsal venous network

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36
Q

what arises on the medial side of the dorsal venous network? on the lateral side?

A

lateral - cephalic

medial - basilic

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37
Q

what vein serves as the communication bn the basilic and cephalic veins

A

the median cubital vein in the cubital fossa

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38
Q

the basilic and cephalic veins drain into

A

axillary vein

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39
Q

t/f: brachial veins exist

A

true- deep vessels which course with the brachial artery

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40
Q

the axillary vein is formed where? and by the union of what veins?

A

at the inferior border of the teres major muscle

by brachial vein and basilic vein

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41
Q

what are the four joints of the shoulder complex

A

sternoclavicular
acromioclavicular
glenohumeral
scapulothoracic articulation

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42
Q

what are the articular components
joint type
assc structures
movements of the sternoclavicular joint

A
  • sternal end of clavicle and manubirum
  • saddle synovial joint (move in 2 planes)
  • fibrocartilage disc
  • elevate/depress and protract/retraction
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43
Q

what are the articular components
joint type
movements of the acromioclavicular joint

A
  • acromion process and acromial end of clavicle
  • plane type synovial
  • gliding bn clavicle and scapula
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44
Q

what are the articular components
joint type
movements of the glenohumeral joint

A
  • humeral head and glenoid fossa
  • ball and socket type synovial joint
  • flex/entension + abduction/adduction + internal/external rotation
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45
Q

the glenoid fossa is ____ the size of the humeral head

A

1/3rd

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46
Q

t/f both non-contractile and contractile structures enhance Glenohumeral stability

A

true

47
Q

what structure contribute to GH stability

A

glenoid labrum

48
Q

what is the glenoid labrum made of? where does it attach?

A

fibrocartilaginous ring

to margin of glenoid fossa

49
Q

how does the glenoid labrum make the GH joint more stable

A

deepens the glenoid cavity

50
Q

t/f: the scapulothoracic joint is both an anatomical and physiological joint

A

F: physiological (movement bn musculoskeletal structures - bn scap and muscles and thoracic wall)

but NOT anatomical (movement bn articulating skeletal elements)

51
Q

the motion of the humerus is due to the GH joint and the ____ joint which moves in a consistent pattern known as _____

A

scapulothoracic joint

scapulohumeral rhythm

52
Q

what are the superficial layers of muscles on the POSTERIOR side? deeper layers?

A
  • traps and lats = superficial

- levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor = deeper

53
Q

what are the attachments of the trapezius muscle

A

base of skull, spinous processes of C7-T12

scapula spine, acromion, lateral 1/3 of clavicle

54
Q

what actions does the trapezius muscle do

A

upper: elevates and upwardly otates scapula
middle: adducts scapula
lower: depresses and upwardly rotates scapula

55
Q

innervation of trapezius muscle

A

cranial nerve 11

56
Q

what are the attachments of the latissimus dorsi muscle

A

spinous process T7-T12, iliac crest

intertubercular groove of humerus

57
Q

whats the action of the latissimus dorsi

A

shoulder extension, adduction and internal rotation

58
Q

innervation of lats dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve

59
Q

attachments of levator scapulae

A

transverse processes of C1-C4

superior medial border of scapula

60
Q

actions of levator scapulae

A

elevates and downwardly rotates scap

61
Q

innervation of levator scapulae

A

dorsal scapular nerve

62
Q

rhomboid minor attachments

A

spinous process C7-T1

medial scap border at root of scapular spine

63
Q

rhomboid major attachments

A

spinous process T2-T5

medial scapular border from spine to inferior angle

64
Q

action of rhomboid minor and major

A

adduct/retract

downwardly rotate scapula

65
Q

innervation of rhomboid major and minor

A

dorsal scapular nerve

66
Q

what is the site on the back where breath sounds may be heard through a stethoscope most easily

A

triangle of auscultation

67
Q

boundaries of the triangle of auscultation

A

latissimus dorsi
trapezzius
medial border of scapula

68
Q

anterior extrinsic muscles of the shoulder

A

pec major
pec minor
serratus anterior
subclavius

69
Q

attachments of pec major

A
  • clavicular head (medial half)
  • sternocostal head (sternum and upper 6 costal cartilage)
  • both heads (intertubercular groove of humerus)
70
Q

action of pec major

A

adducts and medially rotates humerus

71
Q

innervation of pex major

A

lateral and medial pectoral nerves

72
Q

attachments of pec minor

A

ribs 3-5

coracoid process of scapula

73
Q

action and innervation of pec minor

A

stabilizes scapula

medial pectoral nerve

74
Q

attachments of serratus anterior

A

external surface of lateral parts of ribs 1-8

anterior surface of medial border of scap

75
Q

action of serratus anterior

A

holds scap against thoracic wall
protracts
upwardly rotates scap

76
Q

innervation of serratus anterior

A

long thoracic nerve

77
Q

intrinsic muscles of the shoulder (7)

A 
coracobrachialis
deltoid 
teres major 
teres minor 
supraspinatus 
infraspinatur 
sabscapularis
78
Q

attachments
action
innervation
of coracobrachialis

A

-tip of coracoid process
middle third of humerus

  • flex and adduct shoulder
  • musculocutaneous nerve
79
Q

attachments
action
innervation
of deltoid

A

-spine of scap, acrominon, lateral 1/3 clavicle
deltoid tuberosity of humerus

  • anterior: flexion of shoulder
  • middle: abduction
  • posterior: extension of shoulder

-axillary nerve

80
Q

attachments
action
innervation
of teres major

A
  • inferior lateral aspect of posterior surface of scapula
  • intertubercular groove of humerus
  • internal rotation of shoulder
  • lower subscapular nerve
81
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
terres minor
subscapularis

82
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscle
attachments
action
innervation

A

-scapula and tubercles

internal and external rotation and ABDuction

supraclavicular and intraclavicular branches of the brachioplexus

83
Q

rotator cuff muscles contribute to the stability of what joint

A

glenohumeral by compressive forces it provides and maintain the humerus centered in the glenoid fossa

84
Q

what action does the humeroulnar joint do

A

flexion and extension

85
Q

what joint(s) does supination and pronation

A

humeroradial joint
proximal radioulnar
distal radioulnar

86
Q

what ligament encircles the head of radius and hold the head of the radius against the ulna

A

annular ligament

87
Q

what ligament protects against medial deviation of forearm

A

lateral collateral ligament (aka radial collateral)

88
Q

what ligament protects against lateral deviation of foreamr

A

medial collateral ligament (aka ulnar collateral ligamet)

89
Q

which ligament in the elbow gets injured most

A

medial collateral ligament (ulnar collateral ligament)

90
Q

supination occurs as ____ rotates around the ____

A

radius rotates around the ulna

91
Q

what is the anterior compartment and posterior compartment of muscles acting on elboow

A

anterior

  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis

posterior

  • triceps brachii
  • anconeus
  • brachioradialis
92
Q

what nerve innervates the anterior compt

A

musculocutaneous nerve

93
Q

what nerve innervates the posterior compt

A

radial nerve

94
Q

what 3 muscles attach to coracoid

A

pec minor
coracobrachialis
short head of biceps

95
Q

attachments of biceps brachii

A

short head: coracoid process of scap

long: supraglenoid tubercle
both: radius via bicipital aponeurosis

96
Q

what action does the biceps brachii do

A

weak shoulder flexion
elbow flexion
forearm supination

97
Q

what attachments are there to brachialis

A

distal, anterior humerus

coronoid process of ulna

98
Q

action of brachialis

A

flexes the forearm

99
Q

attachments of triceps brachii

A

long: infraglenoid tubercle
lateral: posterior superior humerus
medial: posterior inferior humerus
all: olecranon of ulna

100
Q

action of triceps brachii

A

extend elbow

101
Q

where does the anconeus muscle attachment

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

olecranon of the ulna

102
Q

action of the anconeus

A

extends the forearm

103
Q

attachments of brachioradialis

A

lateral portion of distal humerus

lateral, distal radius

104
Q

action of brachioradialis

A

flex elbow

105
Q

innervation of brachioradialis and why

A

radial nerve bc picks up innervation from posterior compt

106
Q

whats the attachments for supinator muscle

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal ulna

proximal radius

107
Q

action of supinator

A

supinates forearm

108
Q

what attachments of pronator teres

A

coronoid process and medial epicondyle

lateral surface of radius

109
Q

action of pronator teres

A

pronates forearm

110
Q

innervation of pronator teres

A

median nerve

111
Q

what attachments of pronator quadratus

A

distal anterior ulna

distal anterior radius

112
Q

action of pronator quadratus

A

pronates forearm

113
Q

innervation for pronator quadratus

A

median nerve

HbS (8 decks)

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