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HbS > back and vertebral column > Flashcards

back and vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q 
how many vertebrae are in the:
cervical 
thoracic
lumbar 
sacral
coccygeal
A 
C-7
T-12
L-5
S-5 fused
CC-4 fused
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2
Q

ribs articulate with which region of the spine

A

thoracic

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3
Q

what is located between the spinous process and the vertebrae AND houses the spinal cords/nerves

A

vertebral canal

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4
Q

t/f: we are born with the same curvature of our spine that we have as adults

A

F: as a fetus it’s concave spine to anterior direction
as a newborn the curvature has begun but isn’t at it’s final form
*some curvatures remained in their same shape

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5
Q

what are the primary curvatures of the spine

A

Thoracic and sacral regions

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6
Q

secondary curvatures of spine

A

cervical and lumbar

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7
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback
thoracic spine extremely curved
head pushes forward

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8
Q

lordosis

A

swayback
lumbar spine exxagerated curvature
excess weight in lower abdomen

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9
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of spine (R or L)
possible rotation of spine
one hip and/or shoulder is higher

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10
Q

which abnormal spinal curvature is common in pregnant women

A

lordosis

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11
Q

how many transverse, articular, and spinous processes are there in each vertebrae

A

spinous - one
transverse- two laterally
articular - four (two on top and two on bottom - used to connect w vertebrae stacked on it)

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12
Q

what are intervertebral discs composed of

A

annulus fibrosis - outer ring of collagen and fibrocartilage in layers
nucleus pulposus - fibrogelatinous center, shock absorber

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13
Q

what type of joints are intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartilaginous joint

symhysis - type of solid joint

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14
Q

which area of the annulus fibrosis ring has less thickness

A

posterior

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15
Q

what causes a herniated disc (herniation of the nucleus pulposus)

A

degenerative changes in the annulus fibrosis (probably posterior side)

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16
Q

what is a vertebral foramen stenosis and what does it cause

A

a constricted canal with decr diameter

causes impingement of spinal cord and/or nerves

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17
Q

age causes

A

increased concavity of the vertebral bodies

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18
Q

what causes people to lose 1/4 or 1/2 inch per decade after 40 or 50 yo

A

decr in bone density in the vertebral body

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19
Q

what two vertebrae are the only ones to have a name

A

C1- atlas

C2- axis

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20
Q

what structure on the axis allows pivot rotation for the head to move left and right

A

odontoid process (dens)

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21
Q

what structure articulates with the base of the skull

A

superior articular facet of the atlas (C1)

-allows nodding heading yes (flex/extend)

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22
Q

which vertebrae has the largest vertebral body

A

lumbar

-cervical is the smallest

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23
Q

wich vertebrae is the only one with transverse facets and why

A

thoracic to articulate w ribs

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24
Q

which vertebrae has transverse foramina

A

cervical

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25
Q

what structure on the sacrum holds the last lumbar vertebrae

A

sacral promontory

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26
Q

what is the name of the area bn the sacrum and coccyx

A

sacral hiatus

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27
Q

what is the purpose of anterior and posterior foramen on the sacrum

A

where dorsal and ventral primary rami of S1-S4 nerves exit

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28
Q

list the vertebral ligaments from posterior to anterior

A

supraspinous –> interspinous –> ligamentum flavum –> posterior longitudinal ligament –> anterior longitudinal ligament

29
Q

role of the posterior and anterior longitudal ligaments

A

posterior - prevents hyperflexion

anterior - prevents hyperextension

30
Q

role of supra and interspinous ligaments

A

both connect adjacent spinous processes

31
Q

role of ligamentum flavum

A

connects adjacent lamina

32
Q

the supraspinous ligament thickens in the cervical region and is called the

A

ligamentum nuchae

33
Q

facet joints are an example of what type of joint

whats its function

A

synovial joints

limit movement bn vertebrae, protect from excess rotation and flexion, facilitate rotation in thoracic spine

34
Q 
intervertebral joints (vertebrae-vertebrae) are an example of what type of joint
whats its function
A

symphyses which is a type of solid joint

minimize friction, weight bearing, shock absorption, restricted movements

35
Q

costovertebral (rib-vertebrae) joints are an example of what type of joint
function

A

planar (gliding) joint aka a type of synovial joint

allows movement of ribs during respiration

36
Q

how many vertebrae are in the spinal cord

how many nerves

A 
33 vertebrae 
31 nerves (think minus atlas and axis)
37
Q

how many nerves are in the cervical and coccygeal regions

A

8 cervical
1 coccygeal
*rest are the same number as there are vertebrae

38
Q

where does the first cervical nerve emerge bn

A

skull and C1

39
Q

diff bn C2-C7 nerves and C8 nerves

A

C2-7 superior to pedicles

C8 inferior to pedicleof C7

40
Q

where do the T1-CC nerves emerge

A

inferior to pedicles

41
Q

area of nerves in spine that looks like horse tail

A

cauda equina

42
Q

where does lumbar puncture occur (i.e. at what VERTEBRAE) and why

A

at L4-L5 bc the conus medullaris ends at L2-L3

43
Q

what procedures can lumbar puncture be used for

A

diagnosing CNS disorders
see if blood is present from trauma or hematoma
inject anesthesia

44
Q

what is lumbar puncture

A

spinal tap

withdrawal of CSF from lumbar cistern

45
Q

where is epidural anesthesia administered

A

epidural space and penetrates the same ligament as lumbar puncture

46
Q

diff bn lumbar puncture and epidural puncturing

A

LP - inside of the dura

Epi - outside the dura

47
Q

what structures are penetrated in LP and epidural

A

Both: Supraspinous ligament –> interspinous –> ligamentum favum
Epi stays in that space but LP punctures the dural sac

48
Q

diff bn extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back

A

extrinsic origin in 1 part of the body and insert in another (superficial layer)
intrinsic start and end in the back (deep layer of muscles)

49
Q

intrinsic muscles of the back contribute to what motions

A

extension (flexion done by abs)
lateral flex / entension
rotation of upper trunk, head, and neck

50
Q

what muscles of the back are extrinsic and whats their function

A

traps
lats dorsi
rhomboids major and minor

function in upper extremity

51
Q

what muscles of the back are intermediate and whats their function

A

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

function in respiration - don’t move back

52
Q

what nerve innervates extrinsic and intermediate muscle

A

ventral primary rami **

*might be confusing since ventral means front and were talking about back

53
Q

function of the erector spinae (intrinsic muscle)

A

bilateral contraction –> extend spine and head

unilateral contraction –> laterally flexes spine

54
Q

list the 3 erector spinae muscles and where they insert and originate

A

spinalis - insert on spinous processes
longissimus - insert on transverse processes
iliocostalis - insert ribs

all 3 origin: thoracolumbar fascia

55
Q

all the intrinsic muscles (including all the groups) are innervated by what nerve

A

dorsal primary rami

56
Q

functions of the splenious group (intrinsic muscles)

A

bilateral contraction –> extends head and neck

unilateral contraction –> laterally flex neck

57
Q

origin and insertion for the splenius capitus and splenius cervicis

A

capitus (“head”)
- origin: nuchal ligament and spinous process
-insert: posterior base of skull and mastoid process
cervicis (V shape)
- origin: thoracic spinous process
-insert: cervical transverse processes

58
Q

transcersospinalis group (intrinsic) contains

A

semispinalis
multifidus
rotatores

59
Q

semispinalis action

A

bilaterally extends spine and head

unilaterally rotates spine to contralateral side

60
Q

rotatores and multifidus action

A

bilaterally extends spine

unilaterally rotate spine to contralateral side

61
Q

what are the divisions of semispinalis

A

capitus
cervicis
thoracic

62
Q

how many vertebrae does the semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, and rotatores span

A

SS thor - 4 to 6
multi - 2 to 4
rot - 1 to two

63
Q

doral primary rami supply nerve fibers to

A

joints of the vertebral column
DEEP muscles of back (including erector spinae, transversospinalis, and splenius group)
overlying skin

64
Q

which primary rami merges to form a major somatic nerve plexus (ex. brachial plexus)

A

ventral priamry ramus

65
Q

what does the ventral primary ramus supply nerves to

A

everything not listed by dorsal

66
Q

dermatomes

A

segment of unilateral layer of skin innervated by the sensory (incoming) fibors of a single spinal nerve

67
Q

myotome

A

segment of unilateral muscle mass innervated by motor (outgoing) fibers of a single spinal nerve

68
Q

where the spinal cord terminates is called the

A

conus medullaris

HbS (8 decks)

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