Upper Extremity Flashcards
Levator Scapulae
Origin: Transverse processes of the upper 4 cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula between the superior angle and the root of the scapular spine
Peripheral Nerve: Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C3, C4, C5
Function: Scapular Elevation, Adduction, and Downward Rotation
Upper Trapezius
Origin: External occipital protuberance, Medial third of the superior nuchal line, Ligamentum nuchae, and Spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra
Insertion: Lateral third of the Clavicle
Peripheral Nerve: Spinal portion of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Nerve Root: C1-C5
Function: Scapular elevation and Upward Rotation of the scapula
Middle Trapezius
Origin: Spinous processes of Thoracic vertebrae 1-5 and the intervening supraspinal ligament
Insertion: Medial border of the acromion process of the scapula and The spine of the scapula
Peripheral Nerve: Spinal portion of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Nerve Root: C1-C5
Function: Scapular Adduction
Lower Trapezius
Origin: Spinous processes of Thoracic vertebrae 6-12 and the intervening supraspinal ligaments
Insertion: Tubercle on the medial end of the scapular spine
Peripheral Nerve: Spinal portion of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Nerve Root: C1-C5
Function: Scapular depression and Upward Rotation of the scapula
Rhomboid Major
Origin: Spinous Processes of T2-T5 and the intervening supraspinous ligament
Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula between the spine and the inferior angle
Peripheral Nerve: Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5
Function: Adduction, Downward rotation, and Elevation of the scapula
Rhomboid Minor
Origin: Spinous processes of C7 and T1 and the inferior aspect of the Ligamentum Nuchae
Insertion: Base of the spine of the scapula
Peripheral Nerve: Dporsal Scapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5
Function: Adduction and Elevation of the scapula
Serratus Anterior
Origin: Anterosuperior aspect of the upper 8/9 ribs
Insertion: Anterior surface of the vertebral border of the scapula
Peripheral Nerve: Long Thoracic Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C7
Function: Scapular abduction and Upward rotation of the scapula
Anterior Deltoid
Origin: Anterosuperior aspect of the lateral half of the clavicle
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Axillary Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the Shoulder joint
Middle Deltoid
Origin: Acromion process of the scapula Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus Peripheral Nerve: Axillary Nerve Nerve Root: C5-C6 Function: Abduction of the Shoulder
Posterior Deltoid
Origin: Inferior Aspect of the spine of the scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Axillary Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Extension of the shoulder
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: Spinous processes of sacral, lumbar, and T7-T12 and the Suprasinal ligament via the thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and lower 3/4 ribs
Insertion: Floor of the Intertubercular groove of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Thoracodorsal Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension, Adduction, and Medial rotation of the shoulder
Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion: Greater Tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Suprascapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5
Function: Abduction and Lateral rotation of the shoulder
Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinatus fossa of the scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Suprascapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Lateral Rotation of the Shoulder
Teres Minor
Origin: Superior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the axillary border of the scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Axillary Nerve
Nerve Root: C5
Function: Lateral Rotation of the shoulder
Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa of the scapula
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Upper and Lower Subscapular Nerves
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Medial Rotation of the shoulder
Teres Major
Origin: Posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion: Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Lower Subscapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Adduction, Extension, and Medial rotation of the shoulder
Pectoralis Major
Origin: Clavicular Head- Anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle
Sternocostal Head- Anterior surface of the sternum, Cartilage of ribs 1-7, and Aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
Insertion: Lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Medial and Lateral pectoral Nerves
Nerve Root: C5-C8, T1
Function: Adduction and Medial rotation of the shoulder
Clavicular Head- Flexion and Horizontal adduction of the shoulder
Sternocostal Head- Extension of the shoulder from a flexed position
Pectoralis Minor
Origin: Insertion: Peripheral Nerve: Nerve Root: Function:
Coracobrachialis
Origin: Coracoid process of the scapula
Insertion: Medial aspect of the middle third of the shaft of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Musculocutaneous Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Flexion and adduction of the shoulder joint
Biceps Brachii
Origin: Short Head- Coracoid process of the scapula
Long head- Supraglenoid tuberosity of the scapula
Insertion: Tuberosity of the Radius
Peripheral Nerve: Musculocutaneous Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the elbow (palm up), Supination of the forearm, and assists in Flexion of the shoulder
Brachialis
Origin: Distal half of the anterior aspect of the humeral shaft and Medial and Lateral intermuscular septa
Insertion: Tuberosity and Coronoid process of the ulna
Peripheral Nerve: Musculocutaneous Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the elbow (palm down)
Brachioradialis
Origin: Upper two-thirds of the lateral Supercondylar ridge of the humerus and Lateral intermuscular septa
Insertion: Styloid process of the radius
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the elbow (forearm neutral)
Triceps Brachii
Origin: Long Head- Infraglenoid Tuberosity of the scapula
Lateral Head- Posterior and Lateral surfaces of the humeral shaft
Medial Head- Posterior and Medial surfaces of the humeral shaft
Insertion: Olecranon process of the ulna
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C7-C8
Function: Extension of the elbow and the long head assists in Extending the shoulder
Anconeus
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Lateral surface of the olecranon and Superior one-fourth of the posterior aspect of the ulna
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C7-C8
Function: Assists in Extending the elbow
Supinator
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, Supinator crest of the ulna, Radial collateral ligament of the elbow, and Annular ligament of the radius
Insertion: Tuberosity and oblique line of the radius and the Dorsolateral surface of the upper third of the radial shaft
Peripheral Nerve: Deep branch of the Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6
Function: Supination of the forearm
Pronator Quadratus
Origin: Anterior Aspect of the distal fourth of the ulna
Insertion: Anterior aspect of the distal fourth of the radius
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Pronation of the forearm
Pronator Teres
Origin: Humeral Head- Medial epicondylar ridge of the humerus and the common forearm flexor tendon
Ulnar Head- Coronoid process of the ulna
Insertion: Lateral surface of the midshaft of the radius
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Pronation of the forearm and Assists in Flexion of the Elbow
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common forearm flexor tendon and the Antebrachial fascia
Insertion: Base of the second and third metacarpals
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Flexion and Abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin: Humeral Head- Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common forearm flexor tendon
Ulnar Head- Upper two-thirds of the posterior border of the ulna
Insertion: Pisiform bone
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexion and Adduction (ulnar deviation) of the wrist
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and the common extensor tendon
Insertion: Base of the second metacarpal bone
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Extension and Abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist and Assists in Extension of the elbow
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, Common extensor tendon, and Radial collateral ligament of the elbow
Insertion: Base of the third metacarpal bone
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Extension and Abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon and the Dorsal border of the ulna
Insertion: Base of the fifth metacarpal
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension and Adduction (ulnar deviation) of the wrist
Lumbricals
Origin: Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and Radial side of the tendon of digits 2-5
Insertion: Radial side of the extensor hood of the corresponding finger
Peripheral Nerve: Median and Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexion of MCP joints 2-5 and Extension of the PIP and DIP joints digits 2-5
Palmar Interossei
Origin: Palmar surface of metacarpal bones 2 (ulnar side), 4 (radial side), and 5 (radial side)
Insertion: 2nd extensor hood (ulnar side), 4th extensor hood (radial side), and 5th extensor hood (radial side)
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Adduction and flexion of digits 2, 4, 5 and Extension of the PIP and DIP joints of digits 2, 4, 5
Dorsal Interossei
Origin: By two heads from adjacent metacarpal bones
Insertion: Radial side of the proximal phalanxes and the extensor hoods of the 2nd and 3rd digit and Ulnar side of the proximal phalanx and extensor hood of the 4th digit
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Abduction and Flexion of MCP joints 2, 3, 4 and Extension of the PIP and DIP joints of digits 2, 3, 4
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Origin: Humeroulnar Head- Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor tendon, Ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow, and Coronoid process of the ulna
Radial Head- Anterior surface of the radius
Insertion: Via two slips into the sides of the middle phalanxes of digits 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C7-T1
Function: Flexion of the PIP joints of digits 2-5 and Assists in Flexion of the MCP joints of the digits 2-5 and the wrist
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Origin: Upper three-fourths of the ulna, Coronoid process of the ulna, and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of the DIP of digits 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Median and Ulnar Nerves
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexion of the DIP joints of digits 2-5 and Assists in Flexion of the PIP and MCP joints of the digits
Extensor Digitorum
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon and Antebrachial fascia
Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5 via the extensor hood
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of digits 2-5 and Assists in Extension of the wrist
Extensor Indicis
Origin: Posterior surface of the ulna and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Extensor hood of the index finger
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of the index finger and Assists in Extension of the wrist
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon and Intermuscular septum
Insertion: Extensor hood on the dorsum of the proximal phalanx of digit 5
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of digit 5 and Assists in Extension of the wrist
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin: Pisiform bone and Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
Insertion: Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of 5th digit and Aponeurosis of the extensor digiti minimi
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Abduction and Flexion of the 5th MCP joint
Opponens Digiti Minimi
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and Hook of the hamate
Insertion: Ulnar side of the 5th metacarpal
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function:Opposition at the CMC of the 5th digit
Flexor Digiti Minimi
Origin: Insertion: Peripheral Nerve: Nerve Root: Function:
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Origin: Flexor retinaculum, Trapezium, Trapezoid, and Capitate bones
Insertion: Radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Median and Ulnar Nerves
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexion of the MCP joint of the thumb
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Origin: Anterior Aspect of the radius, Coronoid process of the ulna, and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Anterior Interosseus (median) Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexion of the IP joint of the thumb and Assists in Flexion of the MCP joint of the thumb
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Origin: Posterior aspect of the radius and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Extension of the MCP and Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints of the thumb
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Origin: Dorsolateral surface of the ulna and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of the IP joint of the thumb and Assists in Extension of the MCP and CMC joints of the thumb
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Origin: Posterior surfaces of the ulna and radius and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Radial side of the base of the first metacarpal bone
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Abduction and Extension of the CMC joint of the thumb and Assists in Abduction (radial deviation) and Flexion of the wrist
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Origin: Flexor retinaculum, Scaphoid, and Trapezium
Insertion: Radiale side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Abduction of the CMC and MCP joints of the thumb
Opponens Pollicis
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and Trapezium
Insertion: Radial side of the 1st Metacarpal
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Opposition at the CMC joint of the thumb
Flexor Pollicis
Origin: Insertion: Peripheral Nerve: Nerve Root: Function:
Adductor Pollicis
Origin: Oblique Head- Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium, and Metacarpals 1-4
Transverse Head- Palmar surface of the 3rd metacarpal bone
Insertion: Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Adduction of the thumb
