Lower Extremity Flashcards
Iliacus
Origin: Superior two-thirds of the Iliac fossa, Iliac crest, Anterior sacroiliac and Iliolumbar ligaments, Ala of sacrum
Insertion: Tendon of the Psoas Major, Body of the Femur
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral Nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L3
Function: Flexion of the hip
Psoas Major
Origin: Sides of the vertebral bodies and corresponding IV discs of T12-L5 and transverse processes of L1-L5
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: N/A
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Unilateral Action- Flexion of the hip
Bilateral Action- With the thigh fixed, the Psoas major flexes the trunk
Gluteus Maximus
Origin: Posterior gluteal line of the ilium, Iliac crest, Dorsum of the sacrum and coccyx, Sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Iliotibial tract, Gluteal tuberosity of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Inferior gluteal nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Extension and lateral rotation of the hip
Gluteus Medius
Origin: Outer surface of the ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Abduction and Medial rotation of the hip
Gluteus Minimus
Origin: Outer surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Abduction and Medial rotation of the hip
Semitendinosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Proximal aspect of the medial surface of the tibia
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Extension of the hip, Flexion and Medial rotation of the knee
Semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial condyle of the tibia
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Extension of the hip, Flexion and Medial rotation of the knee
Biceps Femoris
Origin: Long Head- Ischial tuberosity
Short Head- Lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur and the lateral intermuscular septum
Insertion: Lateral aspect of the head of the fibula
Peripheral Nerve: Long Head- Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
Short Head- Peroneal portion of the sciatic nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Extension of the hip, Flexion and Lateral rotation of the knee
Tensor Fascia Lata
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine, Anterior aspect of the outer lip of the iliac crest
Insertion: Iliotibial tract approximately one-third down the thigh
Peripheral Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Abduction, Flexion, and Medial rotation of the hip; Extension of the knee
Adductor Magnus
Origin: Inferior rami of the pubis and ischium, Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: A line from the greater trochanter to the linea aspera of the femur, Linea aspera of the femur, Adductor tubercle, Medial supracondylar line of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator and sciatic nerves
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Adduction of the hip; Upper portion of the muscle assists in hip flexion, Lower portion assists in hip extension
Adductor Longus
Origin: Anterior aspect of the pubis
Insertion: Linea aspera along the middle third of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Adduction and Flexion of the hip
Adductor Brevis
Origin: Inferior ramus of the pubis
Insertion: A line from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera, Upper portion of the linea aspera
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Adduction, Flexion, and Medial rotation of the hip
Pectineus
Origin: Pectineal line of the pubis
Insertion: A line from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Aduction, Flexion, and Medial rotation of the hip
Gracilis
Origin: Body and ramus of the pubis
Insertion: Proximal aspect of the medial surface of the tibia
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L3
Function: Adduction of the hip, Flexion, and Medial rotation of the knee
Piriformis
Origin: Anterior surface of the sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: N/A
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip, Abduction of the flexed hip
Gemellus Superior
Origin: Ischial spine
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Nerve to the obturator internus
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip, Abduction of the flexed hip
Gemellus Inferior
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Nerve to the quadratus femoris
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip, Abduction of the flexed hip
Obturator Internus
Origin: Obturator membrane and foramen, Inner surface of the pelvis, Inferior rami of the pubis and ischium
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Nerve to the obturator internus
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip, Abduction of the flexed hip
Obturator Externus
Origin: Rami of the pubis and ischium, Outer surface of the obturator membrane
Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator nerve
Nerve Root: L4-L5
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip
Quadratus Femoris
Origin: Iscial tuberosity
Insertion: Quadrate tubercle of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Nerve to the quadratus femoris
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip
Sartorius
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine, Upper aspect of the iliac notch
Insertion: Proximal aspect of the medial surface of the tibia
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral Nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L3
Function: Flexion, Abduction, and Lateral rotation of the hip and flexion of the knee
Rectus Femoris
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine, Groove above the posterior brim of the acetabulum
Insertion: Base of the patella via the ligamentum patellae into the tibial tuberosity
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Extension of the knee, Flexion of the hip
Vastus Lateralis
Origin: Greater trochanter of the femur, Intertrochanteric line, Linea aspera, Gluteal tuberosity
Insertion: Lateral border of the patella and via the ligamentum patellae into the tibial tuberosity
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Extension of the knee
Vastus Medialis
Origin: Intertrochanteric line, Linea aspera, Medial supracondylar line of the femur
Insertion: Medial border of the patella and via the ligamentum patellae into the tibial tuberosity
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Extension of the knee
Vastus Intermedius
Origin: Anterior and lateral surfaces of the upper two-thirds of the body of the femur
Insertion: Base of the patella and via the ligamentum patellae into the tibial tuberosity
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Extension of the knee
Gastrocnemius
Origin: Medial Head- Medial condyle and Adjacent popliteal surface of the femur
Lateral Head- Lateral condyle of the femur
Insertion: Via the tendon calcaneus into the posterior surface of the calcaneus
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Plantar flexion of the ankle, flexion of the knee
Soleus
Origin: Posterior surface of the head and Proximal third of the body of the fibula, Soleal line and Middle third of the medial border of the tibia
Insertion: Via the tendon calcaneus into the posterior surface of the calcaneus
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Plantar flexion of the ankle
Popliteus
Origin: Insertion: Peripheral Nerve: Nerve Root: Function:
Tibialis Anterior
Origin: Lateral condyle and upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the body of the tibia, Interosseous membrane, Deep crural fossa
Insertion: Base of the first metatarsal, Medial and Plantar surfaces of the medial cuneiform bone
Peripheral Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle, Inversion of the foot at the subtalar and midtarsal joints
Tibialis Posterior
Origin: Posterior aspect of the interosseous membrane, Posterior surface of the body of the tibia, Proximal two-thirds of the medial surface of the fibula
Insertion: Tuberosity of the Navicular bone, Cuboid bone, All three cuneiform bones, Bases of metatarsals 2-4
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint, Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle
Peroneus Longus
Origin: Head and upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula
Insertion: Base of the first metatarsal, Lateral aspect of the medial cuneiform
Peripheral Nerve: Superficial peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint; Weak plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle
Peroneus Brevis
Origin: Distal two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula
Insertion: Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal
Peripheral Nerve: Superficial peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint; Weak plantar flexor of the foot at the ankle
Lumbricals (Foot)
Origin: Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
Insertion: Tendons of the extensor digitorum longus
Peripheral Nerve: Medial plantar (first lumbrical) and Lateral plantar (lumbricals 2-4) nerves
Nerve Root: L5-S1 (first lumbrical), S2-S3 (lumbricals 2-4)
Function: Flexion at the MTP joints and extension at the IP joints of the lateral four toes
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Origin: Plantar surface of the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones
Insertion: Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe
Peripheral Nerve: Medial plantar nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Flexion at the MTP joint of the great toes
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin: Posterior aspect of the body of the fibula, Interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Flexion at the IP joint of the great toe
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin: Posterior aspect of the body of the tibia
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanges of toes 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Flexion at the DIP and PIP joints of the lateral four toes
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Origin: Tuberosity of the calcaneus, Plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: Sides of the middle phalanges of toes 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Medial plantar nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Flexion at the proximal IP joints of the lateral four toes
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin: Lateral tibial condyle, Anterior surface of the body of the fibula, Interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsum of the middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Extension at the MTP joints of the lateral four toes
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Origin: Superior surface of the calcaneus, Lateral talocalcaneal ligament, Inferior extensor retinaculum
Insertion: Dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe, Lateral aspect of the extensor digitorum longus tendons of toes 2-4
Peripheral Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Extension at the MTP joint of toes 1-4
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin: Medial surface of the body of the fibula, Interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe
Peripheral Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Extension of the IP joint of the great toe
