All of the Muscles Flashcards
External Abdominal Oblique
Origin: By interdigitating slips from the external surfaces of the lower 8 ribs
Insertion: abdominal aponeurosis, anterior aspect of the outer lip of the iliac crest
Nerve: Intercostal nerves 7-12
Function: Bilateral action: Flexion of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column toward the opposite side
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3 of the middle lip of the iliac crest, the lateral half of the inguinal ligament
Insertion: Inferior aspect of the costal cartilages of the last 3-4 ribs, via aponeurosis into the rectus sheath, pectineal line of the pubic bone
Nerve: Intercostal nerves 8-12, Iliohypogastric nerve, Ilioinguinal nerve
Function: Bilateral action: Flexion of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column toward the same side
Biceps Brachii
Origin: Short Head- Coracoid process of the scapula
Long head- Supraglenoid tuberosity of the scapula
Insertion: Tuberosity of the Radius
Peripheral Nerve: Musculocutaneous Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the elbow (palm up), Supination of the forearm, and assists in Flexion of the shoulder
Brachialis
Origin: Distal half of the anterior aspect of the humeral shaft and Medial and Lateral intermuscular septa
Insertion: Tuberosity and Coronoid process of the ulna
Peripheral Nerve: Musculocutaneous Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the elbow (palm down)
Brachioradialis
Origin: Upper two-thirds of the lateral Supercondylar ridge of the humerus and Lateral intermuscular septa
Insertion: Styloid process of the radius
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the elbow (forearm neutral)
Coroacobrachialis
Origin: Coracoid process of the scapula
Insertion: Medial aspect of the middle third of the shaft of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Musculocutaneous Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Flexion and adduction of the shoulder joint
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Origin: Flexor retinaculum, Scaphoid, and Trapezium
Insertion: Radiale side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Abduction of the CMC and MCP joints of the thumb
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Origin: Posterior surfaces of the ulna and radius and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Radial side of the base of the first metacarpal bone
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Abduction and Extension of the CMC joint of the thumb and Assists in Abduction (radial deviation) and Flexion of the wrist
Posterior Deltoid
Origin: Inferior Aspect of the spine of the scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Axillary Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Extension of the shoulder
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, Common extensor tendon, and Radial collateral ligament of the elbow
Insertion: Base of the third metacarpal bone
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Extension and Abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and the common extensor tendon
Insertion: Base of the second metacarpal bone
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Extension and Abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist and Assists in Extension of the elbow
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon and the Dorsal border of the ulna
Insertion: Base of the fifth metacarpal
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension and Adduction (ulnar deviation) of the wrist
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon and Intermuscular septum
Insertion: Extensor hood on the dorsum of the proximal phalanx of digit 5
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of digit 5 and Assists in Extension of the wrist
Adductor Pollicis
Origin: Oblique Head- Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium, and Metacarpals 1-4
Transverse Head- Palmar surface of the 3rd metacarpal bone
Insertion: Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Adduction of the thumb
Extensor Indicis
Origin: Posterior surface of the ulna and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Extensor hood of the index finger
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of the index finger and Assists in Extension of the wrist
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common forearm flexor tendon and the Antebrachial fascia
Insertion: Base of the second and third metacarpals
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Flexion and Abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin: Humeral Head- Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common forearm flexor tendon
Ulnar Head- Upper two-thirds of the posterior border of the ulna
Insertion: Pisiform bone
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexion and Adduction (ulnar deviation) of the wrist
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Origin: Upper three-fourths of the ulna, Coronoid process of the ulna, and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of the DIP of digits 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Median and Ulnar Nerves
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexion of the DIP joints of digits 2-5 and Assists in Flexion of the PIP and MCP joints of the dig
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Origin: Humeroulnar Head- Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor tendon, Ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow, and Coronoid process of the ulna
Radial Head- Anterior surface of the radius
Insertion: Via two slips into the sides of the middle phalanxes of digits 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C7-T1
Function: Flexion of the PIP joints of digits 2-5 and Assists in Flexion of the MCP joints of the digits 2-5 and the wrist
Buccinator
Origin: Alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible, opposite three molar teeth; Pterygomandibular raphe
Insertion: Angle of the lips
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Compresses the cheek
Dorsal Interossei (Hand)
Origin: By two heads from adjacent metacarpal bones
Insertion: Radial side of the proximal phalanxes and the extensor hoods of the 2nd and 3rd digit and Ulnar side of the proximal phalanx and extensor hood of the 4th digit
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Abduction and Flexion of MCP joints 2, 3, 4 and Extension of the PIP and DIP joints of digits 2, 3, 4
Palmar Interossei (Hand)
Origin: Palmar surface of metacarpal bones 2 (ulnar side), 4 (radial side), and 5 (radial side)
Insertion: 2nd extensor hood (ulnar side), 4th extensor hood (radial side), and 5th extensor hood (radial side)
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Adduction and flexion of digits 2, 4, 5 and Extension of the PIP and DIP joints of digits 2, 4, 5
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: Spinous processes of sacral, lumbar, and T7-T12 and the Suprasinal ligament via the thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and lower 3/4 ribs
Insertion: Floor of the Intertubercular groove of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Thoracodorsal Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension, Adduction, and Medial rotation of the shoulder
Levator Scapulae
Origin: Transverse processes of the upper 4 cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula between the superior angle and the root of the scapular spine
Peripheral Nerve: Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C3, C4, C5
Function: Scapular Elevation, Adduction, and Downward Rotation
Corugator Supercilii
Origin: Medial aspect of the superciliary arch
Insertion: Skin of the medial half of the eyebrow
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Draws the eyebrows medially
Opponens Digiti Minimi
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and Hook of the hamate
Insertion: Ulnar side of the 5th metacarpal
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function:Opposition at the CMC of the 5th digit
Opponens Pollicis
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and Trapezium
Insertion: Radial side of the 1st Metacarpal
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Opposition at the CMC joint of the thumb
Pectoralis Major
Origin: Clavicular Head- Anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle
Sternocostal Head- Anterior surface of the sternum, Cartilage of ribs 1-7, and Aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
Insertion: Lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Medial and Lateral pectoral Nerves
Nerve Root: C5-C8, T1
Function: Adduction and Medial rotation of the shoulder
Clavicular Head- Flexion and Horizontal adduction of the shoulder
Sternocostal Head- Extension of the shoulder from a flexed position
Pronator Quadratus
Origin: Anterior Aspect of the distal fourth of the ulna
Insertion: Anterior aspect of the distal fourth of the radius
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Pronation of the forearm
Pronator Teres
Origin: Humeral Head- Medial epicondylar ridge of the humerus and the common forearm flexor tendon
Ulnar Head- Coronoid process of the ulna
Insertion: Lateral surface of the midshaft of the radius
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Pronation of the forearm and Assists in Flexion of the Elbow
Depressor Anguli Oris
Origin: Oblique line of the mandible
Insertion: Angle of the mouth
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Depresses the angle of the mouth
Depressor Labii Inferioris
Origin: Oblique line of the mandible
Insertion: Skin of the lower lip
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Depresses the angle of the mouth
Serratus Anterior
Origin: Anterosuperior aspect of the upper 8/9 ribs
Insertion: Anterior surface of the vertebral border of the scapula
Peripheral Nerve: Long Thoracic Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C7
Function: Scapular abduction and Upward rotation of the scapula
Subscapularis
Peripheral Nerve: Upper and Lower Subscapular Nerves
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Medial Rotation of the shoulder
Supinator
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, Supinator crest of the ulna, Radial collateral ligament of the elbow, and Annular ligament of the radius
Insertion: Tuberosity and oblique line of the radius and the Dorsolateral surface of the upper third of the radial shaft
Peripheral Nerve: Deep branch of the Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6
Function: Supination of the forearm
Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion: Greater Tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Suprascapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5
Function: Abduction and Lateral rotation of the shoulder
Teres Major
Origin: Posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion: Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Lower Subscapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Adduction, Extension, and Medial rotation of the shoulder
Teres Minor
Origin: Superior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the axillary border of the scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Axillary Nerve
Nerve Root: C5
Function: Lateral Rotation of the shoulder
Extensor Digitorum (Hand)
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon and Antebrachial fascia
Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5 via the extensor hood
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of digits 2-5 and Assists in Extension of the wrist
Middle Trapezius
Origin: Spinous processes of Thoracic vertebrae 1-5 and the intervening supraspinal ligament
Insertion: Medial border of the acromion process of the scapula and The spine of the scapula
Peripheral Nerve: Spinal portion of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Nerve Root: C1-C5
Function: Scapular Adduction
Upper Trapezius
Origin: External occipital protuberance, Medial third of the superior nuchal line, Ligamentum nuchae, and Spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra
Insertion: Lateral third of the Clavicle
Peripheral Nerve: Spinal portion of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Nerve Root: C1-C5
Function: Scapular elevation and Upward Rotation of the scapula
Triceps Brachii
Origin: Long Head- Infraglenoid Tuberosity of the scapula
Lateral Head- Posterior and Lateral surfaces of the humeral shaft
Medial Head- Posterior and Medial surfaces of the humeral shaft
Insertion: Olecranon process of the ulna
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C7-C8
Function: Extension of the elbow and the long head assists in Extending the shoulder
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Origin: Posterior aspect of the radius and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Extension of the MCP and Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints of the thumb
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Origin: Dorsolateral surface of the ulna and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of the IP joint of the thumb and Assists in Extension of the MCP and CMC joints of the thumb
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Origin: Flexor retinaculum, Trapezium, Trapezoid, and Capitate bones
Insertion: Radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Median and Ulnar Nerves
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexion of the MCP joint of the thumb
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Origin: Anterior Aspect of the radius, Coronoid process of the ulna, and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
Peripheral Nerve: Anterior Interosseus (median) Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexion of the IP joint of the thumb and Assists in Flexion of the MCP joint of the thumb
Iliocostalis Cervicis
Origin: Angles of ribs 3-6
Insertion: Transverse processes of C4-C6
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the cervical spine
Iliocostalis Lumborum
Origin: Common erector spinae tendon from the median sacral crest, spinous processes of all lumbar and lower 2 thoracic vertebrae, dorsum of the iliac crests, lateral crest of the sacrum, sacrotuberous, and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
Insertion: Angles of the last 7 ribs
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column; elevation of the pelvis
Iliocostalis Thoracis
Origin: Angles of ribs 7-12
Insertion: Angles of ribs 1-6; Transverse process of C7
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column
Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinatus fossa of the scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Suprascapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Lateral Rotation of the Shoulder
Levator Anguli Oris
Origin: Canine fossa of the maxilla
Insertion: Angle of the mouth
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Elevates the angle of the mouth
Levator Labii Superioris
Origin: Inferior margin of the orbit
Insertion: Lateral half of the upper kip
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Raises the upper lip
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Origin: Flexor Retinaculum and hook of hamate bone
Insertion: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger
Peripheral Nerve:
Nerve Root:
Function: NPIHPIHIUHOIOIBOIUBSDOIHSOIDBSIDFIPSD
Longissimus Cervicis
Origin: Transverse processes of the upper 4-5 thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Transverse processes of C2-C6
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the cervical spine
Longissimus Thoracis
Origin: Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Between tubercles and angles of the lower 9-10 ribs; transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column
Longus Capitis
Origin: Transverse processes of C3-C6
Insertion: Basilar part of the occipital bone
Nerve: First three cervical nerves.
Function: Bilateral Action: Flexion of the head on the atlas; Flexion of the cervical spine
Unilateral Action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine to the same side
Longus Colli
Origin: Transverse processes of C3-C5 and the anterolateral surface of C5-C7 and T1-T3
Insertion: Anterior arch of the atlas; Anterior surgave of C2-C4; Transverse processes of C5, C6
Nerve: Ventral Rami of C2-C6
Function: Bilateral Action: Flexion of the cervical spine
Unilateral Action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine to the same side
Masseter
Origin: Zygomatic process of the maxilla, zygomatic arch
Insertion: Angle and lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible, coronoid process of the mandible
Nerve: Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Function: Elevation of the mandible (closes the jaw); Assists in mandibular protraction
Mentalis
Origin: Incisive fossa of the mandible
Insertion: Skin of the chin
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Raises and protrudes the lower lip; Wrinkles the skin of the chin
Multifidus
Origin: Posterior aspect of the sacrum, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior sacroiliac ligament, mammillary processes of the lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae, articular processes of the lower 4 cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Spinous processes of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column; rotation of the vertebral column to the opposite side
Nasalis
Origin: Medial aspect of the maxilla
Insertion: Aponeurosis of procerus and contralateral nasalis muscles, alar cartilage
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Dilates the nasal aperture
Obliquus Capitis Superior
Origin: Transverse process of the atlas
Insertion: Occipital bone
Peripheral Nerve: Suboccipital nerve
Nerve Root: C1
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the head on the atlas
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the head on the atlas (minor)
Occipitofrontalis (Frontal Belly)
Origin: Gale aponeurotica
Insertion: Skin of the eyebrows and root of the nose
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Elevates the eyebrows
Orbicularis Oculi
Origin: Nasal part of the frontal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, medial palpebral ligament
Insertion: Lateral palpebral raphe, corrugator supercilii and frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle, skin of the eyebrow
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Closes the eye
Orbicularis Oris
Origin: Other facial muscles, primarily the buccinator, levator anguli oris, and depressor anguli oris; Maxilla; Septum of the nose; Mandible
Insertion: Skin and mucous membrane surrounding the mouth
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Approximates and protrudes the lips
Platysma
Origin: Fascia covering the deltoid and pectoralis
Insertion: Mandible, skin of the lower part of the face
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Draws the lower lip and corner of the mouth laterally and inferiorly
Procerus
Origin: Lateral nasal cartilage and lower part of the nasal bone
Insertion: Skin over the lower part of the forehead between the two eyebrows
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Draws the medial angle of the eyebrows down
Lateral Pterygoid
Origin: Upper head: Infratemporal crest and the lateral surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Inferior head: Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
Insertion: Anterior aspect of the neck of the mandibular condyle and the anterior aspect of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint
Nerve: Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Function: Protracts and depresses the mandible (opens the jaw)
Medial Pterygoid
Origin: Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, pyramidal process of the palatine bone, tuberosity of the maxilla
Insertion: Medial surface of the ramus and the angle of the mandible
Nerve: Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Function: Bilateral action: Elevates the mandible (closes the jaw
Unilateral action: Protracts and deviates the mandible to the opposite side
Quadratus Lumborum
Origin: Iliac crest, Iliolumbar ligament
Insertion: Transverse processes of L2-L4; Inferior border of rib 12
Nerve: 12th thoracic and upper 3-4 lumbar nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the lumbar spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the lumbar spine; elevation of the pelvis
Rectus Abdominis
Origin: Pubis crest and symphysis pubis
Insertion: Costal cartilage of ribs 5-7; Xiphoid process
Nerve: Intercostal nerves 7-12
Function: Flexion of the vertebral column, particularly the lumbar spine
Rectus Capitis Anterior
Origin: Lateral aspect and transverse process of the atlas
Insertion: Basilar part of the occipital bone
Nerve: Ventral rami of C1, C2
Function: Flexion of the head on the atlas
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Origin: Spinous process of the axis
Insertion: Inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone (the lateral aspect)
Peripheral Nerve: Suboccipital nerve
Nerve Root: C1
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the head on the atlas
Unilateral action: Rotation of the upper cervical spine
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Origin: Posterior tubercle of the axis
Insertion: Inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone (the medial aspect
Peripheral Nerve: Suboccipital nerve
Nerve Root: C1
Function: Extension of the head on the atlas
Risorius
Origin: Parotid fascia overlying the masseter muscle
Insertion: Skin of the angle of the mouth
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Retracts the angle of the mouth
Anterior Scalene
Origin: Transverse processes of C3-C6
Insertion: Upper surface of the first rib
Nerve: Ventral rami of C5, C6
Function: Bilateral action: Flexion of the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine to the same side
Semispinalis Capitis
Origin: Transverse processes of the 7th cervical and the first 6-7 thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of C4-C6
Insertion: Occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the first 6 cervical nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the head and the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Rotation of the cervical spine to the opposite side
Semispinalis Cervicis
Origin: Transverse processes of the first 5-6 thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Spinous processes if the first 5 cervical vertebrae
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the lower 3 cranial nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the head and the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Rotation of the cervical spine to the opposite side
Semispinalis Thoracis
Origin: Transverse processes of T6-T10
Insertion: Spinous processes C6-T4
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami T1-T6
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Rotation of the vertebral column to the opposite side
Spinalis Capitis
Origin: Transverse processes of the 7th cervical and the first 6-7 thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of C4-C6
Insertion: Occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Extension of the cervical spine
Spinalis Cervicis
Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7, T1, T2
Insertion: Spinous process of the axis
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Extension of the cervical spine
Spinalis Thoracis
Origin: Spinous processes of T11-L2
Insertion: Spinous processes of the upper 4-8 thoracic vertebrae
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Extension of the vertebral column
Splenius Capitis
Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7, T1-T3
Insertion: Lateral aspect of the superior nuchal line and the mastoid process
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the middle cervical nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the head and cervical spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine to the same side
Splenius Cervicis
Origin: Spinous processes of T3-T6
Insertion: Transverse processes of the upper 2-3 cervical vertebrae
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the lower cervical nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine to the same side
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin: Sternal head: Anterior aspect of the manubrium of the sternum
Clavicular head: Medial third of the clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process of the skull
Peripheral Nerve: Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Nerve Root: Ventral rami of C2, C3
Function: Bilateral action: Flexion of the cervical spine; in the absence of cervical vertebral stabilizers, it extends the head on the atlas
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the cervical spine to the same side; rotation of the cervical spine to the opposite side
Temporalis
Origin: Temporal fossa of the skull
Insertion: Coronoid process and ramus of the mandible
Nerve: Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Function: Retracts and elevates the mandible (closes the jaw)
Zygomaticus Major
Origin: Zygomatic bone
Insertion: Angle of the mouth
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Draws the angle of the mouth upward and backward as in smiling or laughing
