Every Muscle Flashcards
External Abdominal Oblique
Origin: By interdigitating slips from the external surfaces of the lower 8 ribs
Insertion: abdominal aponeurosis, anterior aspect of the outer lip of the iliac crest
Nerve: Intercostal nerves 7-12
Function: Bilateral action: Flexion of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column toward the opposite side
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3 of the middle lip of the iliac crest, the lateral half of the inguinal ligament
Insertion: Inferior aspect of the costal cartilages of the last 3-4 ribs, via aponeurosis into the rectus sheath, pectineal line of the pubic bone
Nerve: Intercostal nerves 8-12, Iliohypogastric nerve, Ilioinguinal nerve
Function: Bilateral action: Flexion of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column toward the same side
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin: Pisiform bone and Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
Insertion: Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of 5th digit and Aponeurosis of the extensor digiti minimi
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Abduction and Flexion of the 5th MCP joint
Abductor Digiti Minimi (Foot)
Origin: Medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, Flexor retinaculum, and Plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Peripheral Nerve: Lateral plantar nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Abducts and flexes 5th digit
Abductor Hallucis
Origin: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, Flexor retinaculum, and Plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Peripheral Nerve: Medial plantar nerve
Nerve Root: L4-L5
Function: Abducts and flexes 1st digit
Brachialis
Origin: Distal half of the anterior aspect of the humeral shaft and Medial and Lateral intermuscular septa
Insertion: Tuberosity and Coronoid process of the ulna
Peripheral Nerve: Musculocutaneous Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the elbow (palm down)
Brachioradialis
Origin: Upper two-thirds of the lateral Supercondylar ridge of the humerus and Lateral intermuscular septa
Insertion: Styloid process of the radius
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the elbow (forearm neutral)
Adductor Brevis
Origin: Inferior ramus of the pubis
Insertion: A line from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera, Upper portion of the linea aspera
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Adduction, Flexion, and Medial rotation of the hip
Adductor Hallucis
Origin: Oblique head- Bases of 2nd through 4th metatarsals
Transverse head- Ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints of digits 3-5
Insertion: Tendons of both heads lateral to side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Peripheral Nerve: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Adducts 1st digit, Maintains transverse arch of foot
Adductor Longus
Origin: Anterior aspect of the pubis
Insertion: Linea aspera along the middle third of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Adduction and Flexion of the hip
Adductor Magnus
Origin: Inferior rami of the pubis and ischium, Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: A line from the greater trochanter to the linea aspera of the femur, Linea aspera of the femur, Adductor tubercle, Medial supracondylar line of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator and sciatic nerves
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Adduction of the hip; Upper portion of the muscle assists in hip flexion, Lower portion assists in hip extension
Depressor Labii Inferioris
Origin: Oblique line of the mandible
Insertion: Skin of the lower lip
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Depresses the angle of the mouth
Anconeus
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Lateral surface of the olecranon and Superior one-fourth of the posterior aspect of the ulna
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C7-C8
Function: Assists in Extending the elbow
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and the common extensor tendon
Insertion: Base of the second metacarpal bone
Peripheral Nerve: Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Extension and Abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist and Assists in Extension of the elbow
Biceps Femoris
Origin: Long Head- Ischial tuberosity
Short Head- Lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur and the lateral intermuscular septum
Insertion: Lateral aspect of the head of the fibula
Peripheral Nerve: Long Head- Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
Short Head- Peroneal portion of the sciatic nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Extension of the hip, Flexion and Lateral rotation of the knee
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon and Intermuscular septum
Insertion: Extensor hood on the dorsum of the proximal phalanx of digit 5
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of digit 5 and Assists in Extension of the wrist
Extensor Indicis
Origin: Posterior surface of the ulna and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Extensor hood of the index finger
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of the index finger and Assists in Extension of the wrist
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common forearm flexor tendon and the Antebrachial fascia
Insertion: Base of the second and third metacarpals
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Flexion and Abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist
Bulbospongiosus
Origin: Male- Median raphe, Bulb of penis, Perineal body
Female- Perineal body
Insertion: Male- Perineal membrane, Corpus cavernosum, Bulb of penis
Female- Dorsum of clitoris, Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm, Bulb of vestibule, Pubic arch
Peripheral Nerve: Deep branch of perineal nerve from pudendal nerve
Nerve Root: S2-S4
Function: Male- Compresses bulb of penis, Forces blod into body of penis during eretion, Removes urine from urethra and semen during ejaculation
Female- Contricts vaginal orifice, Assists in expressing secretions of greater vestibular gland, Forces blood into body of clitoris
Coccygeus (Ischiococcygeus)
Origin: Ischial spine, Sacrospinous ligament
Insertion: Inferior sacrum, Coccyx
Innervation: Ventral rami of lower sacral nerves
Function: Supports pelvic viscera, Draws coccyx forward
Compressor Urethrae (Female only)
Origin: Ischiopubic Ramus Insertion: Anterior aspect of urethra Peripheral Nerve: Perineal branches of pudendal nerve Nerve Root: S2-S4 Function: Sphincter of urethra
Dorsal Interossei (Hand)
Origin: By two heads from adjacent metacarpal bones
Insertion: Radial side of the proximal phalanxes and the extensor hoods of the 2nd and 3rd digit and Ulnar side of the proximal phalanx and extensor hood of the 4th digit
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Abduction and Flexion of MCP joints 2, 3, 4 and Extension of the PIP and DIP joints of digits 2, 3, 4
Palmar Interossei (Hand)
Origin: Palmar surface of metacarpal bones 2 (ulnar side), 4 (radial side), and 5 (radial side)
Insertion: 2nd extensor hood (ulnar side), 4th extensor hood (radial side), and 5th extensor hood (radial side)
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Adduction and flexion of digits 2, 4, 5 and Extension of the PIP and DIP joints of digits 2, 4, 5
Cremaster (Male only)
Origin: Lower edge of internal oblique and Middle of inguinal ligament
Insertion: Pubic tubercle, Crest of pubis
Peripheral Nerve: Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Nerve Root: L1-L2
Function: Retracts testicle
Deep Transverse Perineal
Origin: Inner surface of inferior ischial rami
Insertion: Male- Medial tendinous raphe and perineal body
Female- Sides of the vagina
Peripheral Nerve: Perineal branches of pudendal nerve
Nerve Root: S2-S4
Function: Stabilizes perineal body, Supports prostate/vagina
Anterior Deltoid
Origin: Anterosuperior aspect of the lateral half of the clavicle
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Axillary Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Flexion of the Shoulder joint
Middle Deltoid
Origin: Acromion process of the scapula Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus Peripheral Nerve: Axillary Nerve Nerve Root: C5-C6 Function: Abduction of the Shoulder
Pectoralis Major
Origin: Clavicular Head- Anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle
Sternocostal Head- Anterior surface of the sternum, Cartilage of ribs 1-7, and Aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
Insertion: Lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Medial and Lateral pectoral Nerves
Nerve Root: C5-C8, T1
Function: Adduction and Medial rotation of the shoulder
Clavicular Head- Flexion and Horizontal adduction of the shoulder
Sternocostal Head- Extension of the shoulder from a flexed position
Pronator Quadratus
Origin: Anterior Aspect of the distal fourth of the ulna
Insertion: Anterior aspect of the distal fourth of the radius
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Pronation of the forearm
Pronator Teres
Origin: Humeral Head- Medial epicondylar ridge of the humerus and the common forearm flexor tendon
Ulnar Head- Coronoid process of the ulna
Insertion: Lateral surface of the midshaft of the radius
Peripheral Nerve: Median Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C7
Function: Pronation of the forearm and Assists in Flexion of the Elbow
Diaphragm
Origin: Xiphoid process, Lower six costal cartilages, L1-L3 vertebrae
Insertion: Converge into central tendon
Peripheral Nerve: Phrenic Nerve
Nerve Root: C3-C5
Function: Draws central tendon down and forward during inspiration
Erector Spinae
Origin: Posterior sacrum, Iliac crest, Sacrospinous ligament, Supraspinous ligament, Spinous Processes of lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae
Insertion: Iliocostalis- Angles of lower rbs, cervical transverse processes
Longissimus- Between tubercles and angles of ribs, Transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, Mastoid process
Innervation: Dorsal rami of each region
Function: Extends and laterally bends vertebral column and head
Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion: Greater Tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Suprascapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5
Function: Abduction and Lateral rotation of the shoulder
Teres Major
Origin: Posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion: Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Lower Subscapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Adduction, Extension, and Medial rotation of the shoulder
Teres Minor
Origin: Superior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the axillary border of the scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Axillary Nerve
Nerve Root: C5
Function: Lateral Rotation of the shoulder
Middle Trapezius
Origin: Spinous processes of Thoracic vertebrae 1-5 and the intervening supraspinal ligament
Insertion: Medial border of the acromion process of the scapula and The spine of the scapula
Peripheral Nerve: Spinal portion of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Nerve Root: C1-C5
Function: Scapular Adduction
Extensor Digitorum (Hand)
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon and Antebrachial fascia
Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5 via the extensor hood
Peripheral Nerve: Deep Radial Nerve
Nerve Root: C6-C8
Function: Extension of digits 2-5 and Assists in Extension of the wrist
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Origin: Superior surface of the calcaneus, Lateral talocalcaneal ligament, Inferior extensor retinaculum
Insertion: Dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe, Lateral aspect of the extensor digitorum longus tendons of toes 2-4
Peripheral Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Extension at the MTP joint of toes 1-4
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin: Lateral tibial condyle, Anterior surface of the body of the fibula, Interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsum of the middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Extension at the MTP joints of the lateral four toes
Extensor Hallucis Brevis and Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Origin: Superolateral surface of calcaneus, Lateral talocalcaneal ligament, Cruciate crural ligament
Insertion: First tendon into dorsal surface of base of proximal phalanx of great toe; Other 3 tendons into lateral sides of tendons of extensor digitorum longus to digits 2-4
Peripheral Nerve: Deep fibular nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Aids in extensor digitorum longus in extending of 4 medial digits at the matatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin: Medial surface of the body of the fibula, Interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe
Peripheral Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Extension of the IP joint of the great toe
Iliocostalis Cervicis
Origin: Angles of ribs 3-6
Insertion: Transverse processes of C4-C6
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the cervical spine
Iliocostalis Lumborum
Origin: Common erector spinae tendon from the median sacral crest, spinous processes of all lumbar and lower 2 thoracic vertebrae, dorsum of the iliac crests, lateral crest of the sacrum, sacrotuberous, and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
Insertion: Angles of the last 7 ribs
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column; elevation of the pelvis
Iliocostalis Thoracis
Origin: Angles of ribs 7-12
Insertion: Angles of ribs 1-6; Transverse process of C7
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column
External Anal Sphincter
Origin: Tip of coccyx, Anococcygeal ligament
Insertion: Deeper fibers surround anal canal, Attach posteriorly to coccyx and anteriorly to central point of perineum
Peripheral Nerve: Perineal and inferior rectal branches of pudendal nerve
Nerve Root: S2-S4
Function: Closes anal orifice
Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis
Origin: Distal two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula
Insertion: Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal
Peripheral Nerve: Superficial peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint; Weak plantar flexor of the foot at the ankle
Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus
Origin: Head and upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula
Insertion: Base of the first metatarsal, Lateral aspect of the medial cuneiform
Peripheral Nerve: Superficial peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint; Weak plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle
Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
Origin: Distal third of anterior surface of fibula and Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
Peripheral Nerve: Deep fibular nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Dorsiflexes foot at ankle and aids in eversion of foot
Longissimus Cervicis
Origin: Transverse processes of the upper 4-5 thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Transverse processes of C2-C6
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the cervical spine
Longissimus Thoracis
Origin: Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Between tubercles and angles of the lower 9-10 ribs; transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the vertebral column
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (Foot)
Origin: Base of 5th metatarsal
Insertion: Lateral base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Peripheral Nerve: Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (Hand)
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and Hook of hamate bone
Insertion: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger
Peripheral Nerve: Ulnar nerve (deep branch)
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexes proximal phalanx of little finger
Flexor Digitorum Brevis (Foot)
Origin: Tuberosity of the calcaneus, Plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: Sides of the middle phalanges of toes 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Medial plantar nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Flexion at the proximal IP joints of the lateral four toes
Flexor Digitorum Longus (Foot)
Origin: Posterior aspect of the body of the tibia
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanges of toes 2-5
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Flexion at the DIP and PIP joints of the lateral four toes
Occipitofrontalis (Frontal Belly)
Origin: Gale aponeurotica
Insertion: Skin of the eyebrows and root of the nose
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Elevates the eyebrows
Orbicularis Oculi
Origin: Nasal part of the frontal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, medial palpebral ligament
Insertion: Lateral palpebral raphe, corrugator supercilii and frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle, skin of the eyebrow
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Closes the eye
Orbicularis Oris
Origin: Other facial muscles, primarily the buccinator, levator anguli oris, and depressor anguli oris; Maxilla; Septum of the nose; Mandible
Insertion: Skin and mucous membrane surrounding the mouth
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Approximates and protrudes the lips
Platysma
Origin: Fascia covering the deltoid and pectoralis
Insertion: Mandible, skin of the lower part of the face
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Draws the lower lip and corner of the mouth laterally and inferiorly
Gastrocnemius
Origin: Medial Head- Medial condyle and Adjacent popliteal surface of the femur
Lateral Head- Lateral condyle of the femur
Insertion: Via the tendon calcaneus into the posterior surface of the calcaneus
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Plantar flexion of the ankle, flexion of the knee
Inferior Gemellus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Nerve to the quadratus femoris
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip, Abduction of the flexed hip
Superior Gemellus
Origin: Ischial spine
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Nerve to the obturator internus
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip, Abduction of the flexed hip
Gluteus Maximus
Origin: Posterior gluteal line of the ilium, Iliac crest, Dorsum of the sacrum and coccyx, Sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Iliotibial tract, Gluteal tuberosity of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Inferior gluteal nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Extension and lateral rotation of the hip
Gluteus Medius
Origin: Outer surface of the ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Abduction and Medial rotation of the hip
Gluteus Minimus
Origin: Outer surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Abduction and Medial rotation of the hip
Gracilis
Origin: Body and ramus of the pubis
Insertion: Proximal aspect of the medial surface of the tibia
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L3
Function: Adduction of the hip, Flexion, and Medial rotation of the knee
Iliacus
Origin: Superior two-thirds of the Iliac fossa, Iliac crest, Anterior sacroiliac and Iliolumbar ligaments, Ala of sacrum
Insertion: Tendon of the Psoas Major, Body of the Femur
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral Nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L3
Function: Flexion of the hip
Risorius
Origin: Parotid fascia overlying the masseter muscle
Insertion: Skin of the angle of the mouth
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Retracts the angle of the mouth
Anterior Scalene
Origin: Transverse processes of C3-C6
Insertion: Upper surface of the first rib
Nerve: Ventral rami of C5, C6
Function: Bilateral action: Flexion of the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine to the same side
Semispinalis Capitis
Origin: Transverse processes of the 7th cervical and the first 6-7 thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of C4-C6
Insertion: Occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the first 6 cervical nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the head and the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Rotation of the cervical spine to the opposite side
Semispinalis Cervicis
Origin: Transverse processes of the first 5-6 thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Spinous processes if the first 5 cervical vertebrae
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the lower 3 cranial nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the head and the cervical spine
Unilateral action: Rotation of the cervical spine to the opposite side
Intercostal (External, Innermost, Internal)
Origin: Lower border of ribs
Insertion: Upper border of rib below rib of origin
Peripheral Nerve: Intercostal nerves
Nerve Root: T1-T11
Function: External- Supports intercostal spaces in inspiration and expiration, Elevates ribs in inspiration
Innermost- Elevates ribs
Internal- Prevents pushing out or drawing in of intercostal spaces in inspiration and expiration, lower ribs in forces expiration
Splenius Capitis
Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7, T1-T3
Insertion: Lateral aspect of the superior nuchal line and the mastoid process
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the middle cervical nerves
Function: Bilateral action: Extension of the head and cervical spine
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine to the same side
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin: Sternal head: Anterior aspect of the manubrium of the sternum
Clavicular head: Medial third of the clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process of the skull
Peripheral Nerve: Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Nerve Root: Ventral rami of C2, C3
Function: Bilateral action: Flexion of the cervical spine; in the absence of cervical vertebral stabilizers, it extends the head on the atlas
Unilateral action: Lateral flexion of the cervical spine to the same side; rotation of the cervical spine to the opposite side
Interspinales (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)
Origin: Spinous processes
Insertion: Adjacent spinous processes
Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Function: Aid in extension of vertebral column
Intertransversaril (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)
Origin: Extend between adjacent transverse processes of vertebrae
Insertion: Extend between adjacent transverse processes of vertebrae
Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Function: Assist in lateral flexion of vertebral column
Ischiocavernosus
Origin: Inferior internal surface of ischiopubic ramus, Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Crus of penis of clitoris
Peripheral Nerve: Deep branch of perineal nerve from pudendal nerve
Nerve Root: S2-S4
Function: Forces blood into body of penis and clitoris during erection
Obturator Externus
Origin: Rami of the pubis and ischium, Outer surface of the obturator membrane
Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Obturator nerve
Nerve Root: L4-L5
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip
Obturator Internus
Origin: Obturator membrane and foramen, Inner surface of the pelvis, Inferior rami of the pubis and ischium
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Nerve to the obturator internus
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip, Abduction of the flexed hip
Levator Ani (Iliococcygeus, Pubococcygeus, Puborectalis)
Origin: Body of pubis, Tendinous arch of obturator fascia, Ischial spine
Insertion: Perineal body, Coccyx, Anococcygeal raphe, Walls of prostate or vagina, Rectum, Anal canal
Peripheral Nerve: Ventral rami of lower sacral nerves, Perineal nerve
Nerve Root: S2-S4
Function: Supports pelvic viscera, Raises pelvic floor
Levator Costarum
Origin: Transverse processes of C7 and T1-T11
Insertion: Subjacent ribs between tubercle and angle
Innervation: Dorsal ramus of lower thoracic nerves
Function: Elevate ribs
Piriformis
Origin: Anterior surface of the sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: N/A
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip, Abduction of the flexed hip
Popliteus
Origin: Lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
Insertion: Posterior tibia superior to soleal line
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Weakly flexes knee and Unlocks it by rotating femur on fixed tibia
Psoas Major
Origin: Sides of the vertebral bodies and corresponding IV discs of T12-L5 and transverse processes of L1-L5
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: N/A
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Unilateral Action- Flexion of the hip
Bilateral Action- With the thigh fixed, the Psoas major flexes the trunk
Quadratus Femoris
Origin: Iscial tuberosity
Insertion: Quadrate tubercle of the femur
Peripheral Nerve: Nerve to the quadratus femoris
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Lateral rotation of the hip
Rectus Femoris
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine, Groove above the posterior brim of the acetabulum
Insertion: Base of the patella via the ligamentum patellae into the tibial tuberosity
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Extension of the knee, Flexion of the hip
Rhomboid Major
Origin: Spinous Processes of T2-T5 and the intervening supraspinous ligament
Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula between the spine and the inferior angle
Peripheral Nerve: Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Nerve Root: C5
Function: Adduction, Downward rotation, and Elevation of the scapula
Sartorius
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine, Upper aspect of the iliac notch
Insertion: Proximal aspect of the medial surface of the tibia
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral Nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L3
Function: Flexion, Abduction, and Lateral rotation of the hip and flexion of the knee
Semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial condyle of the tibia
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Extension of the hip, Flexion and Medial rotation of the knee
Lumbricals (Foot)
Origin: Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
Insertion: Tendons of the extensor digitorum longus
Peripheral Nerve: Medial plantar (first lumbrical) and Lateral plantar (lumbricals 2-4) nerves
Nerve Root: L5-S1 (first lumbrical), S2-S3 (lumbricals 2-4)
Function: Flexion at the MTP joints and extension at the IP joints of the lateral four toes
Spinalis Capitis
Origin: Transverse processes of the 7th cervical and the first 6-7 thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of C4-C6
Insertion: Occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Extension of the cervical spine
Spinalis Cervicis
Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7, T1, T2
Insertion: Spinous process of the axis
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Function: Extension of the cervical spine
Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa of the scapula
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of the humerus
Peripheral Nerve: Upper and Lower Subscapular Nerves
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Medial Rotation of the shoulder
Tensor Fascia Lata
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine, Anterior aspect of the outer lip of the iliac crest
Insertion: Iliotibial tract approximately one-third down the thigh
Peripheral Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Abduction, Flexion, and Medial rotation of the hip; Extension of the knee
External Oblique
Origin: External surfaces of ribs 5-12
Insertion: Linea alba, Pubic tubercle, Anterior half of iliac crest
Innervation: Ventral rami of 6 thoracic nerves
Function: Compresses and supports abdominal viscera, flexes, and rotates trunk
Internal Oblique
Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, Anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, Lateral half of inguinal ligament
Insertion: Inferior borders of ribs 10-12, Linea alba, Pubis via conjoint tendon
Innervation: Ventral rami of 6 inferior thoracic and first lumbar nerves
Function:
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
Origin: Spine of axis Insertion: Transverse process of atlas Peripheral Nerve: Suboccipital nerve Nerve Root: Function: Rotates atlas to turn face to same side
Vastus Medialis
Origin: Intertrochanteric line, Linea aspera, Medial supracondylar line of the femur
Insertion: Medial border of the patella and via the ligamentum patellae into the tibial tuberosity
Peripheral Nerve: Femoral nerve
Nerve Root: L2-L4
Function: Extension of the knee
Palmaris Brevis
Origin: Palmaris aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum
Insertion: Skin of medial border of path
Peripheral Nerve: Superficial palmar branch of ulnar nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Deepens hollow of hand, Assists grip
Palmaris Longus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Distal half of flexor retinaculum and Palmar aponeurosis
Peripheral Nerve: Median nerve
Nerve Root: C8-T1
Function: Flexes hand at wrist and Tenses palmar aponeurosis
Plantaris
Origin: Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament
Insertion: Posterior aspect of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S3
Function: Weakly assists gastrocnemius
Psoas Minor
Origin: Vertebral margins of T12-L1 vertebrae, Corresponding IV discs
Insertion: Pectineal line, Iliopectineal eminence
Innervation: Ventral rami of first lumbar nerve
Function: Flexes pelvis on vertebral column
Pyramidialis
Origin: Body of pubis, Anterior rectus abdominis Insertion: Linea alba Peripheral Nerve: Subcostal nerve Nerve Root: T12 Iliohypogastric nerve Function: Tenses linea alba
Quadratus Plantae
Origin: Medial and lateral sides of plantar surface of calcaneus
Insertion: Posterolateral edge of flexor digitorum longus tendon
Peripheral Nerve: Lateral plantar nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Corrects for oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus tendon, Thus assists in flexion of toes
Rotatores
Origin: Transverse processes of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar regions
Insertion: Lamina and Transverse process of spine above, Spanning one or two segents
Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Function: Stabilizes, Extends, and Rotates spine
Medial Scalene
Origin: Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C7
Insertion: Upper surface of 1st rib (behind subclavian groove)
Peripheral Nerve: Anterior rami of cervical nerves
Nerve Root: C3-C7
Function: Elevates 1st rib, Bends neck
Posterior Scalene
Origin: Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6
Insertion: Outer surface of 2nd rib (Behind attachment of serratus anterior)
Peripheral Nerve: Anterior rami of lower four cervical nerves
Nerve Root: C5-C8
Function: Elevates 2nd rib, Bends neck
Semispinalis
Origin: Transverse processes of C4-T12
Insertion: Spinous processes of Cervical and Thoracic regions
Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Function: Extends head, neck, and thorax and Rotates them to the opposite side
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Origin: Spious processes of T11-L2
Insertion: Inferior aspect of ribs 9-12
Innervation: Ventral rami of lower thoracic nerves
Function: Depresses ribs
Serratus Posterior Superior
Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, Spinous processes of C7-T3
Insertion: Superior aspect of ribs 2-4
Innervation: Ventral rami of lower thoracic nerves
Function: Elevates ribs
Soleus
Origin: Posterior surface of the head and Proximal third of the body of the fibula, Soleal line and Middle third of the medial border of the tibia
Insertion: Via the tendon calcaneus into the posterior surface of the calcaneus
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Plantar flexion of the ankle
Sphincter Urethrae
Origin: External fivers from junction of inferior pubic and ischial rami and adjacent fascia; Internal fibers pass medially to surround membranous urethra
Insertion: Male- Median raphe in front and behind urethra
Female- Encloses urethra, attaches to sides of vagina
Peripheral Nerve: Perineal branches of pudendal nerve
Nerve Root: S2-S4
Function: Compresses urethra at end of micturition; In female also compresses distal vagina
Sphincter Urethrovaginalis
Origin: Perineal body
Insertion: Passes forward and anterior around urethra
Peripheral Nerve: Perineal branches of pudendal nerve
Nerve Root: S2-S4
Function: Sphincter of urethra and vagina
Subclavius
Origin: Upper border of 1st rib and its cartilage
Insertion: Inferior surface of middle third of clavicle
Peripheral Nerve: Nerve to subclavius
Nerve Root: C5-C6
Function: Anchors and depresses clavicle
Subcostal
Origin: Internal surface of lower ribs near their angles
Insertion: Superior borders of 2nd or 3rd rib below
Peripheral Nerve: Intercostal nerves
Nerve Root: T1-T11
Function: Depresses ribs
Superficial Transverse Perineal
Origin: Ischial rami and tuberosities
Insertion: Central tendon (perineal body)
Peripheral Nerve: Perineal branches of pudendal nerve
Nerve Root: S2-S4
Function: Stabilizes central tendon
Tibialis Anterior
Origin: Lateral condyle and upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the body of the tibia, Interosseous membrane, Deep crural fossa
Insertion: Base of the first metatarsal, Medial and Plantar surfaces of the medial cuneiform bone
Peripheral Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Nerve Root: L4-S1
Function: Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle, Inversion of the foot at the subtalar and midtarsal joints
Tibialis Posterior
Origin: Posterior aspect of the interosseous membrane, Posterior surface of the body of the tibia, Proximal two-thirds of the medial surface of the fibula
Insertion: Tuberosity of the Navicular bone, Cuboid bone, All three cuneiform bones, Bases of metatarsals 2-4
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint, Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle
Transversus Abdominis
Origin: Internal surfaces of costal cartilages 7-12, Thoracolumbar fascia, Iliac crest, Lateral third of inguinal ligament
Insertion: Linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique, Pubic crest, and Pecten pubis via conjoint tendon
Innervation: Vetral rami of six inferior thoracic and first lumbar nerves
Function: Compresses and supports abdominal viscera
Transversus Thoracis
Origin: Internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6
Insertion: Posterior surface of lower sternum
Peripheral Nerve: Intercostal nerves
Nerve Root: T1-T11
Function: Depresses ribs and costal cartilages
Zygomaticus Major
Origin: Zygomatic bone
Insertion: Angle of the mouth
Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Function: Draws the angle of the mouth upward and backward as in smiling or laughing
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Origin: Plantar surface of the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones
Insertion: Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe
Peripheral Nerve: Medial plantar nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S1
Function: Flexion at the MTP joint of the great toes
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin: Posterior aspect of the body of the fibula, Interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe
Peripheral Nerve: Tibial nerve
Nerve Root: L5-S2
Function: Flexion at the IP joint of the great toe
Articularis Genus
Origin: Distal femur on anterior surface Insertion: Suprapatellar bursa Peripheral Nerve: Femoral nerve Nerve Root: L2-L4 Function: Pulls suprapatellar bursa superiorly with extension of the knee
Dorsal Interossei (Foot)
Origin: Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5
Insertion: 1st- Medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
2nd-4th- Lateral sides of digits 2-4
Peripheral Nerve: Lateral plantar nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Abduct 2nd through 4th toes, metatarsophalangeal joints, and extend phalanges
Plantar Interossei (Foot)
Origin: Bases and medial sides of 3rd through 5th metatarsals
Insertion: Medial sides of proximal phalanges of 3rd through 5th digits
Peripheral Nerve: Lateral plantar nerve
Nerve Root: S1-S2
Function: Adducts digits 3-5 and flexes metatarsophalangeal joint and extends phalanges
Buccinator
Origin: Posterior portion of alveolar process of maxilla and mandible opposite sockets of molar teeth, Anterior border of pterygomandibular raphe
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Peripheral Nerve: Buccal branches of facial nerve
Nerve Root: CN VII
Function: Compresses cheeks, Expels air between lips, Aids in mastication
Depressor Anguli Oris
Origin: Continuous with platysma on oblique line of mandible
Insertion: Angle of mouth into orbicularis and skin
Peripheral Nerve: Mandibular and Buccal branches of facial nerve
Nerve Root: CN VII
Function: Depresses angle of mouth
Levator Anguli Oris
Origin: Canine fossa of maxilla immediately below infra-orbital foramen and Under cover of zygomatic head of levator labii superioris
Insertion: Angle of mouth; Fibers intermingle with orbicularis oris, Depressor anguli oris, Zygomaticus
Peripheral Nerve: Zygomatic and Buccal branches of facial nerve
Nerve Root: CN VII
Function: Elevates angle of mouth
Levator Labii Superioris
Origin: Maxilla above infra-orbital foramen
Insertion: Skin of upper lip
Peripheral Nerve: Zygomatic and Buccal branches of facial nerve
Nerve Root: CN VII
Function: Elevates upper lip; Dilates nares
Rectus Capitis Anterior
Origin: Lateral mass of atlas
Insertion: Base of occipital bone in front of foramen magnum
Peripheral Nerve: Ventral rami of cervical nerves
Nerve Root: C1-C2
Function: Flexes head
Rectus Capitis Lateralis
Origin: Upper surface of transverse processes of atlas
Insertion: Inferior surface of jugular process of occipital bone
Peripheral Nerve: Ventral rami of cervical nerves
Nerve Root: C1-C2
Function: Flexes head laterally to same side
Temporalis
Origin: Floor of temporal fossa, Deep temporal fascia
Insertion: Coronoid process and Ramus of mandible
Peripheral Nerve: Mandibular nerve, Deep temporal nerves
Nerve Root: CN V
Function: Elevates mandible; Posterior fibers retrude mandible
Zygomaticus Minor
Origin: Zygomatic Arch
Insertion: Angle of mouth, upper lip
Nerve: Facial nerve root (CN VII)
Function: Elevates upper lip
