Upper Extremeties Flashcards
Anatomical neck (Humerus)
obliquely directed, forming an obtuse angle with the body of the humerus.
Avascular necrosis
death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply
Barton’s fracture
an intra-articular fracture of the distal radius with dislocation of the radiocarpal joint.
Brachioradialis
a muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow.
Bridge plate
metallic plate used in orthopedics for internal fixation of bone, typically after fractures
Buttress plate
An orthopaedics fixation plate used to support bone which is unstable in compression or axial loading
Capitulum
The rounded protuberance at the lower end of the humerus that articulates with the radius.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of a major nerve where it passes over the carpal bones through a passage at the front of the wrist, alongside the flexor tendons of the hand. It may be caused by repetitive movements over a long period, or by fluid retention, and is characterized by sensations of tingling, numbness, or burning.
Carpals
One of the wrist bones.
Circumduction
The circular (or, more precisely, conical) movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. It consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.
Clavicle
technical term for collarbone
Co-morbidity
the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient.
Colle’s fracture
a fracture of the lower end of the radius in the wrist with a characteristic backward displacement of the hand.
Comminuted
is a break or splinter of the bone into more than two fragments.
Compression plate
is a metallic plate used in orthopedics for internal fixation of bone, typically after fractures. As the name implies, it is designed to exert dynamic pressure between the bone fragments to be transfixed.
Concomitant
a phenomenon that naturally accompanies or follows something.
Coronoid process
a flattened triangular projection above the angle of the jaw where the temporalis muscle is attached.
Diaphyseal fracture
diaphyseal fracture is a bone break that occurs along the shaft of a long bone like the femur in the thigh or the ulna in the forearm
Displaced
cause (something) to move from its proper or usual place.
Distal Radial Ulnar Joint
is a joint between the two bones in the forearm; the radius and ulna.
Eccentric
An eccentric contraction is the motion of an active muscle while it is lengthening under load. Eccentric training is repetitively doing eccentric muscle contractions.
Extension
is the opposite of flexion, describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
Extensor tendon compartments
of the wrist are anatomical tunnels on the back of the wrist that contain tendons of muscles that extend (as opposed to flex) the wrist and the digits (fingers and thumb). The extensor tendons are held in place by the extensor retinaculum.
Extra-articular fracture
A fracture that does not extend into the joint is called an
Fibrocartilage
cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.
Flexion
the action of bending or the condition of being bent, especially the bending of a limb or joint.
Flexor Carpi Radialis
a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and (radial) abduct the hand.
FOOSH
Acronym for fall onto outstretched hand.
Glenoid
The glenoid cavity or glenoid fossa of scapula is a part of the shoulder. It is a shallow, pyriform articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula.
Humerus
the bone of the upper arm or forelimb, forming joints at the shoulder and the elbow.
Hyaline cartilage
a translucent bluish-white type of cartilage present in the joints, the respiratory tract, and the immature skeleton.
Impingement
a clinical syndrome which occurs when the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become irritated and inflamed as they pass through the subacromial space
Intra-articular fracture
a bone fracture in which the break crosses into the surface of a joint. This always results in damage to the cartilage.
Labrum
a structure corresponding to a lip, especially the upper border of the mouthparts of a crustacean or insect.
Ligamentotaxis
a technique of using continuous longitudinal force (distraction) in order to bring fracture fragments more closely together.
Mal-union
when a fractured bone doesn’t heal properly.
Mason classification
used to classify radial head fractures and is useful when assessing further treatment options 1-2. type I: non-displaced radial head fractures (or small marginal fractures), also known as a “chisel” fracture. type II: partial articular fractures with displacement
Metacarpals
any of the five bones of the hand.
Metaphyseal fracture
is the narrow portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood and as it grows, it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses.
Neutralization plate
a metal plate used for the internal fixation of a bone fracture to neutralize the forces producing displacement.
Non-displaced
the bone cracks either part or all of the way through, but does move and maintains its proper alignment.
Olecranon
the bony prominence of the elbow, on the upper end of the ulna.
Osteopenia
reduced bone mass of lesser severity than osteoporosis.
Percutaneous fixation
technique used by orthopedic surgeons for the stabilization of unstable fractures.
Pronation
refers to the natural side-to-side movement
Pronator quadratus
is a square shaped muscle on the distal forearm that acts to pronate the hand
Radial head
the most proximal aspect of the radius bone.
Radial notch
is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius.
Range of motion
The full movement potential of a joint, usually its range of flexion and extension
Retinaculum
refers to any region on the body in which tendon groups from different muscles pass under one connective tissue band
Rotator cuff
a capsule with fused tendons that supports the arm at the shoulder joint and is often subject to athletic injury.
Rotator cuff arthropathy
(or shoulder arthritis with a large rotator cuff tear) can lead to progressive destruction of the bone of the arm bone (humeral head) and the socket of the shoulder blade (glenoid part of the scapula).
Scapula
technical term for shoulder blade.
Smith’s fracture
fractures of the distal radius with associated palmar angulation of the distal fracture fragment.
Subchondral
the layer of bone just below the cartilage in a joint. the -chondral refers to cartilage, while the prefix sub means below.
Supination
rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward or upward;
Surgical neck (humerus)
is a constriction below the tubercles of the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle, and above the Deltoid Tuberosity. It is much more frequently fractured than the anatomical neck of the humerus.
Translation
the process of moving something from one place to another.
Transverse carpal ligament
is a fibrous band on the palmar side of the hand near the wrist. It arches over the carpal bones of the hands, covering them and forming the carpal tunnel.
Trochlear notch
is a large depression in the upper extremity of the ulna that fits the trochlea of the humerus (the bone directly above the ulna in the arm) as part of the elbow joint. It is formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process.
Volar
relating to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot.
