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Medical Sales College > Lower Extremeties > Flashcards

Lower Extremeties Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Achilles Tendon

A

the tendon connecting calf muscles to the heel.

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2
Q

Ankle Instability

A

a debilitating condition incorporating recurrent sprains, persistent pain and repeated instances of giving way.

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3
Q

Ankle Joint

A

A joint that is composed of three bones: the tibia, the fibula, and the talus. The ankle joint is responsible for the up-and-down motion of the foot. The subtalar joint is under the ankle joint, and it consists of the talus on top and calcaneus on the bottom.

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4
Q

Arthroplasty

A

the surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint.

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5
Q

Bunion

A

a painful swelling on the first joint of the big toe.

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6
Q

Bunionectomy

A

surgery to excise all or part of a bunion that involves removing soft tissue and bone and may also involve realigning the toe joint

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7
Q

Bunionette

A

Tailor’s bunion, or bunionette, is a condition caused as a result of inflammation of the fifth metatarsal bone at the base of the little toe.

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8
Q

Calcaneus

A

the large bone forming the heel. It articulates with the cuboid bone of the foot and the talus bone of the ankle, and the Achilles tendon (or tendo calcaneus ) is attached to it.

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9
Q

Callus

A

a thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area that has been subjected to friction.

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10
Q

Charcot Joints

A

refers to progressive degeneration of a weight bearing joint, a process marked by bony destruction, bone resorption, and eventual deformity. Onset is usually insidious.

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11
Q

Cheilectomy

A

surgical procedure that removes bone spurs from the base of the big toe.

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12
Q

Claw toe

A

toe that is contracted at the PIP and DIP joints (middle and end joints in the toe), and can lead to severe pressure and pain. Ligaments and tendons that have tightened cause the toe’s joints to curl downwards. Claw toes may occur in any toe, except the big toe.

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13
Q

Clubfoot

A

a deformed foot that is twisted so that the sole cannot be placed flat on the ground. It is typically congenital or a result of polio.

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14
Q

Corns

A

thick, hardened layers of skin that develop when your skin tries to protect itself against friction and pressure. They most often develop on the feet and toes or hands and fingers.

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15
Q

Critical angle of gissane

A

angular measurement made directly inferior to the lateral process of the talus. It is formed by the downward and upward slopes of the calcaneal superior surface.

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16
Q

Cuboid

A

a squat tarsal bone on the outer side of the foot, articulating with the heel bone and the fourth and fifth metatarsals.

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17
Q

Cuneiform

A

any of three small bones of the tarsus situated between the navicular and the first three metatarsals:a: one on the medial side of the foot that is just proximal to the first metatarsal bone and is the largest of the three bones

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18
Q

Diabetic foot

A

a foot affected by ulceration that is associated with neuropathy and/or peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb in a patient with diabetes

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19
Q

Dislocation

A

injury or disability caused when the normal position of a joint or other part of the body is disturbed.

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20
Q

Dorsal

A

of, on, or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ.

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21
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

backward flexion (bending), as of the hand or foot.

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22
Q

Equinus

A

a congenital deformity of the foot in which the sole is permanently flexed so that walking is done on the toes without touching the heel to the ground.

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23
Q

Eversion

A

the anatomical term of motion denoting the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.

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24
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

a pennate muscle on the lateral part of the front of the leg that extends the four small toes and dorsally flexes and pronates the foot.

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25
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A

a long thin muscle situated on the shin that extends the big toe and dorsiflexes and supinates the foot.

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26
Q

External fixation

A

a method of immobilizing bones to allow a fracture to heal.

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27
Q

Fibula

A

the outer and usually smaller of the two bones between the knee and the ankle in humans (or the equivalent joints in other terrestrial vertebrates), parallel with the tibia.

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28
Q

Flat feet

A

a condition in which the foot has an arch that is lower than usual.

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29
Q

Foot ulcer

A

an open sore on the foot.

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30
Q

Forefoot

A

The forefoot is one of the three primary regions of the foot, in addition to the midfoot and the rearfoot (or hindfoot). It is composed of tendons, ligaments, soft tissue and 19 bones in five toes, also known as the phalanges.

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31
Q

Gait

A

a person’s manner of walking.

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32
Q

Hallux

A

a person’s big toe.

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33
Q

Hallux rigidus

A

degenerative arthritis and stiffness due to bone spurs that affects the MTP joint at the base of the hallux

34
Q

Hallux valgus angle

A

Intersection of 1st and 2nd MT. Normal < 15

35
Q

Hammertoe

A

a toe that is bent permanently downward, typically as a result of pressure from footwear.

36
Q

Hindfoot

A

the posterior part of the human foot that contains the calcaneus, talus, navicular, and cuboid bones

37
Q

Intermetatarsal angle

A

Intersection of longitudinal axis of 1st metatarsal and proximal phalanx. Normal < 15

38
Q

Internal fixation

A

A surgical procedure that stabilizes and joins the ends of fractured (broken) bones by mechanical devices such as metal plates, pins, rods, wires or screws.

39
Q

Inversion

A

Inversion and eversion refer to movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.

40
Q

Kirschner wire

A

metal wire inserted through bone and used to achieve internal traction or immobilization of bone fractures.

41
Q

Lateral malleolus

A

the prominence on the outer side of ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula.

42
Q

Ligament

A

a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint

43
Q

Lisfranc

A

is the point at which the metatarsal bones (long bones that lead up to the toes) and the tarsal bones (bones in the arch) connect.

44
Q

Mallet toe

A

a fixed or flexible deformity of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint of the toe

45
Q

Medial malleolus

A

the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.

46
Q

Metatarsalgia

A

a general term used to denote a painful foot condition in the metatarsal region of the foot (the area just before the toes, more commonly referred to as the ball-of-the-foot)

47
Q

Metatarsals

A

any of the bones of the foot (metatarsus).

48
Q

Metatarsophalangeal joint

A

the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones (proximal phalanges) of the toes.

49
Q

Midfoot

A

referring to the area in the middle of the foot.

50
Q

Mortise

A

The bony arch formed by the tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle “mortise”

51
Q

Morton’s Neuroma

A

a benign neuroma of an intermetatarsal plantar nerve, most commonly of the second and third intermetatarsal spaces (between 2nd−3rd and 3rd−4th metatarsal heads)

52
Q

Navicular

A

The navicular is a boat-shaped bone located in the top inner side of the foot, just above the transverse. It helps connect the talus, or anklebone, to the cuneiform bones of the foot.

53
Q

Neuroma

A

a tumor formed on a nerve cell sheath

54
Q

Neuropathic arthropathy

A

refers to progressive degeneration of a weight bearing joint, a process marked by bony destruction, bone resorption, and eventual deformity. Onset is usually insidious.

55
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone or bone marrow, usually due to infection.

56
Q

Peroneal tendon

A

tendon which runs behind the lateral malleolus or the bony bit on the outside of the ankle

57
Q

Pes Cavus

A

high arch. and is a human foot type in which the sole of the foot is distinctly hollow when bearing weight. That is, there is a fixed plantar flexion of the foot.

58
Q

Pes Planus

A

Flatfoot. is a condition in which the longitudinal arch in the foot, which runs lengthwise along the sole of the foot, has not developed normally and is lowered or flattened out

59
Q

Phalange/phalanx

A

a bone of the finger or toe.

60
Q

Plantar

A

relating to the sole of the foot.

61
Q

Plantar fascia

A

is one of the most common causes of heel pain. It involves inflammation of a thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of your foot and connects your heel bone to your toes

62
Q

Plantar plate

A

is a thick ligament type structure with attachments which inserts into the base of our phalanges (toe bones) in the area of the ball of the foot

63
Q

Plantarflexion

A

movement of the foot in which the foot or toes flex downward toward the sole

64
Q

Posterior tibial tendon

A

attaches the calf muscle to the bones on the inside of the foot.

65
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet.

66
Q

Sinus tarsi

A

a small bony canal which runs into the ankle under the talus ankle bone

67
Q

Subluxation

A

a partial dislocation.

68
Q

Subtalar arthoereisis

A

or extraosseous talotarsal stabilization is designed to correct excessive talar displacement and calcaneal eversion by reducing pronation across the subtalar joint.

69
Q

Subtalar joint

A

also known as the talocalcaneal joint, is a joint of the foot. It occurs at the meeting point of the talus and the calcaneus.

70
Q

Talus

A

the large bone in the ankle that articulates with the tibia of the leg and the calcaneum and navicular bone of the foot.

71
Q

Tarsals

A

a bone of the tarsus.

72
Q

Tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon, most commonly from overuse but also from infection or rheumatic disease.

73
Q

Tendon

A

a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

74
Q

Tibia

A

the inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle (or the equivalent joints in other terrestrial vertebrates), parallel with the fibula.

75
Q

Tibialis anterior tendon

A

tendon into the first cuneiform and first metatarsal bones, and acting to flex the foot dorsally and to invert it

76
Q

Triple arthrodesis

A

a surgical procedure whose purpose is to relieve pain in the rear part of the foot, improve stability of the foot, and in some cases correct deformity of the foot, by fusing of the three main joints of the hindfoot: the subtalar joint, calcaneocuboid joint and the talonavicular joint.

77
Q

Valgus - lex

A

a deformity involving oblique displacement of part of a limb away from the midline.

78
Q

Varus - lex

A

a deformity involving oblique displacement of part of a limb toward the midline.

79
Q

Halux Valgus

A

a progressive foot deformity in which the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is affected and is often accompanied by significant functional disability and foot pain

80
Q

Arthrodesis - lex

A

surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the adjacent bones.

Medical Sales College (8 decks)

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