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MSK Anatomy > upper arm (not incl elbow) > Flashcards

upper arm (not incl elbow) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the axilla

A

area which lies underneath glenohumeral joint, at junction of upper limb and thorax
it is a pyramidal space that provides passageway for vessels and nerves going to and from upper limb

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2
Q

border of axilla: apex (aka axillary inlet)

A

lateral border of first rib, superior border of scapula and posterior border clavicle

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3
Q

border of axila: lateral wall

A

intertubercular groove of humerus

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4
Q

border of axilla: medial wall

A

serratus anterior and thoracic wall (ribs + intercostal muscles)

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5
Q

border of axilla: anterior wall

A

pectoralis major + minor, and subclavious muscles

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6
Q

border of axilla: posterior wall

A

subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi

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7
Q

contents of axilla

A 
axillary artery 
axillary vein (+ tributaries) 
brachial plexus 
axillary lymph nodes 
biceps brachii (short head) 
corachobrachialis
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8
Q

when does subclavian artery become axillary artery

A

as it crosses lateral border of first rib

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9
Q

when does axillary artery become brachial artery

A

after passing lower margin of teres major

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10
Q

3 parts of axillary artery

A

one medial to pectoralis minor
one posterior to pectoralis minor
one lateral to pectoralis minor

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11
Q

what parts of axillary artery travel in axilla

A

medial + posterior

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12
Q

how is brachial plexus divided into 5 parts

A

roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches

read that damn cadaver book

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13
Q

brachial plexus: roots

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

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14
Q

brachial plexus: trunks

A

superior: C5 + C6
middle: C7
inferior: C8 + T1

the trunks travel laterally, crossing the posterior triangle of the neck

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15
Q

brachial plexus: divisions

A

each trunk divides into 2 branches within the posterior triangle of the neck
one division moves anterior and other posterior –> anterior and posterior divisions

we now have 3 anterior and 3 posterior nerve fibres which leave posterior triangle and pass into axilla
they recombine into the cords

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16
Q

brachial plexus: cords

A

lateral cord: anterior division superior trunk + anterior division middle trunk
posterior cord: posterior divisions of superior, middle and inferior trunks
medial cord: anterior division of inferior trunk

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17
Q

major branches of brachial plexus

A 
musculocutaneous nerve 
axillary nerve 
median nerve 
radial nerve 
ulnar nerve
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18
Q

from which spinal nerves and cord does musculocutaneous nerve originate

A

lateral cord

C5, 6, 7

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19
Q

from which spinal nerves and cord does axillary nerve originate

A

posterior cord

C5, 6

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20
Q

from which spinal nerves and cord does median nerve originate

A

lateral and medial cords

C6-T1

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21
Q

from which spinal nerves and cord does radial nerve originate

A

posterior cord

C5-T1

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22
Q

from which spinal nerves and cord does ulnar nerve originate

A

medial cord

C8 + T1

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23
Q

what are the 5 main arteries of upper limb

A 
subclavian a
axillary a 
brachial a 
radial a 
ulnar a
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24
Q

where do radial and ulnar arteries originate

A

bifurcation of the brachial artery within the cubital fossa

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25
Q

median cubital vein

A

communicating vein which shunts blood from cephalic vein to basilic vein
most common site for venepuncture - fixed position in ante-cubital fossa

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26
Q

basilic vein

A

originates from medial end dorsal arch and ascends the medial aspect of upper limb

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27
Q

how is axillary vein formed

A

basilic vein, at border of teres major, moves deep into arm and combines with brachial veins from deep venous system to form axillary vein

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28
Q

cephalic vein

A

arises from lateral end dorsal venous arch
ascends antero-lateral aspect of upper limb passing antriorly at elbow
drains into axillary vein

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29
Q

where do all lymphatic vessels from upper limb drain into

A

axillary nodes

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30
Q

axillary nodes are divided into distinct groups…

A 
anterior (or pectoral group)
posterior (or subscapular group)
apical group
central group 
lateral (or brachial) group
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31
Q

bones and joints of pectoral girdle

A

scapula and clavicle

acromioclavicular joint
sternoclavicular joint

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32
Q

what is pectoral girdle

A

set of bones which connects upper limb into the axial skeleton

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33
Q

features which can help ‘side’ a clavicle

A

the lateral aspect of clavicle is flatter than medial aspect
superior surface is smoother than inferior surface
the conoid tubercle (attachment for conoid ligament) on inferior aspect of lateral portion clavicle

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34
Q

what type of joint is acromioclavicular joint

A

plane synovial joint (between acromion of scapula and clavicle)

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35
Q

what type of joint is sternoclavicular joint

A

saddle synovial joint

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36
Q

2 stages of abduction of arm

A

first 30° - caused by muscles acting on glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

beyond 30° - scapula being pulled upwards (elevated) and laterally rotating on the chest wall (scapula-thoracic movement)

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37
Q

muscles involved in scapular movement: elevation

A

trapezius (upper fibres)

levator scapulae

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38
Q

muscles involved in scapular movement: depression

A

trapezius (lower fibres)

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39
Q

muscles involved in scapular movement: protraction (forward movement)

A

serratus anterior

pectoralis minor + major

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40
Q

muscles involved in scapular movement: retraction (backward movement)

A

trapezius (middle fibres)

rhomboids

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41
Q

muscles involved in scapular movement: medial (downward) rotation - depressing glenoid cavity

A

gravity
levator-scapulae
rhomoid major + minor
pectoralis minor

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42
Q

what type of joint is gleno-humeral joint (shoulder joint)

A

synovial ball and socket joint

ball = head of humerus 
socket = glenoid cavity
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43
Q

what is glenoid labrum

A

rim of cartilage that surrounds glenoid cavity (socket of shoulder joint)
it deepens glenoid fossa to reduce disproportion in surfaces

44
Q

what aspect of glenohumeral joint does coracohumeral ligament strengthen

A

anterior-superior aspect joint capsule

45
Q

what is coraco-acromial arch

A

made of acromion, coracoid process of scapula and caracoacromial ligament

prevents superior displacement of humeral head

46
Q

what aspect of glenohumeral joint do glenohumeral ligaments strengthen

A

anterior aspect joint aspect

47
Q

what does transverse humeral ligament form

A

roof of bicipital groove

48
Q

what is weakest aspect of shoulder joint capsule

A

inferior-anterior part

not protected by muscles or ligaments

49
Q

which bursa communicates with the glenohumeral joint capsule

A

subscapular bursa

50
Q

subacromial bursa

A

reduces friction beneath deltoid, promoting free motion of rotator cuff tendons
sits between infra/supra-spinatus muscles and deltoids, extending superiorly to lie below acromion and coracoacromial ligaments

51
Q

attachments of subcapularis muscle

A

proximal: medial 2/3 of costal aspect scapula
distal: lesser tubercle humerus

52
Q

subscapularis muscle movement of shoulder joint

A

medially rotates arm

53
Q

nerve supply subscapularis muscle

A

upper + lower subscapular nerves

54
Q

attachments of supraspinatus muscle

A

supraspinous fossa of scapula

greater tuberosity of humerus

55
Q

supraspinatous muscle movement at shoulder joint

A

abduction of arm

56
Q

supraspinatus muscel nerve suppluy

A

suprascapular nerve

57
Q

attachments of infraspinatous muscle

A

infraspinous fossa of scapula

greater tubercle of humerus

58
Q

infraspinatus muscle movement of shoulder joint

A

laterally rotates arm

59
Q

nerve supply of infraspinatus muscle

A

suprascapuar nerve

60
Q

attachments of teres minor muscle

A

posterior surface of scapula, adjacent to its lateral border
lesser tuberosity of humerus

61
Q

teres minor muscle movement of shoulder joint

A

laterally rotates arm

62
Q

nerve supply teres minor muscle

A

axillary nerve

63
Q

although rotator cuss muscles have a role in movement of glenohumeral joint, there primary function is to…

A

pull the humeral head into glenoid fossa: additional stability

64
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles

A

subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

65
Q

what are the shoulder joint muscles

A 
deltoid 
pectoralis major
teres major 
trapezius 
latissimus dorsi 
levator scapulae 
rhomboids
66
Q

what nerve supplies deltoid muscle

A

axillary n

67
Q

anterior fibres deltoid muscle

A

flexion and medial rotation at shoulder joint

68
Q

middle fibres deltoid muscle

A

abduct the arm at shoulder joint

69
Q

posterior fibres deltoid muscle

A

extension and lateral rotation at shoulder joint

70
Q

nerve supply to pectoralis major muscle

A

lateral and medial pectoral nerves

71
Q

action of pectoralis major

A

adduct shoulder

medially rotate humerus at glenohumeral joint

72
Q

pectoralis minor nerve supply

A

medial pectoral nerve

73
Q

teres major actions

A

adducts and extends at shoulder and medially rotates arm

74
Q

nerve supply trapezius muscle

A

accessory nerve

75
Q

what muscles cause flexion of shoulder (sagittal plane)

A

pectoralis major
anterior deltoid
coracobrachialis

76
Q

what muscles cause extension of shoulder (sagittal plane)

A

posterior deltoid
latissismus dorsi
teres major

77
Q

what muscles cause abduction of shoulder

A

0-90 degrees: supraspinatous, middle fibres deltoid

90-180degrees: trapezius, serratus anterior

78
Q

what muscles cause adduction shoulder

A

pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
teres major

79
Q

what muscles cause medial or internal rotation of shoulder

A

subscapularis
lastissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
teres major

80
Q

what muscles cause lateral or external rotation shoulder

A

infraspinatous

teres minor

81
Q

muscles of anterior compartment arm

A

biceps brachii
coracobrachialis
brachialis

82
Q

biceps brachii attachments

A

short head: originates from coracoid process of scapula
long head: originates from supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

both heads unite at dital 3rd upper arm forming short tendon which inserts onto radial tuberosity

83
Q

functions of biceps brachii

A

supination of forearm (at superior radio-ulnar joint)

flexes both shoulder and elbow joint

84
Q

nerve supply of biceps brachii

A

musculocutaneous nerve (biceps tendon reflex tests C6)

85
Q

action of brachialis muscle

A

flexion of elbow jiont

86
Q

attachments of brachialis muscle

A

anterior surface of distal shaft humerus to coronoid process of ulna

87
Q

nerve supply brachialis muscle

A

musculocutaneous nerve (with contributions from radial nerve)

88
Q

attachments corachobrachialis muscle

A

tip of coracoid process of scapula to medial aspect mid-shaft humerus

89
Q

action corachobrachialis muscle

A

flexes arm at shoulder joint

90
Q

nerve supply corachobrachialis muscle

A

musculocutaneous nerve

91
Q

pathway of musculocutaneous nerve

A

enters arm by perforating corachobrachialis, descends distally between biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. after crossing elbow joint it gives off terminal branch to supply skin as lateral cutaneous nerve forearm

92
Q

what is main branch brachial artery

A

profunda brachii

93
Q

pathway median nerve upper arm

A

descends along lateral side axillary artery, crosses to lateral aspect brachial artery and enters cubital fossa
gives off no branches in axilla or upper arm

94
Q

pathway ulnar nerve upper arm

A

descends along medial side brachial artery and enters anterior compartment arm through medial intermuscular septum
runs along medial head of triceps and to lie behind medial epicondyle at elbow

95
Q

what compartment of arm is triceps muscle in

A

posterior compartment upper arm

96
Q

attachments triceps muscle

A

long head arises from scapula and, lateral and medial heads arise from humerus. Common tendon of triceps is inserted into olecranon process of ulna

97
Q

function triceps muscle

A

extension of arm at elbow

98
Q

nerve supply triceps muscle

A

radial nerve

99
Q

what does radial nerve innervate

A

triceps muscle and extensor muscles in forearm

100
Q

pathway of radial nerve

A

arises in axilla region where it’s situated posteriorly to axillary a. runs down with main branch axillary a. (profunda brachii)
descends down around midshaft region of humerus in radial groove

101
Q

teres major nerve supply

A

lower subscapular nerve

102
Q

nerve supply latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve

103
Q

nerve supply levator scapulae

A

dorsal scapula nerve

104
Q

nerve supply rhomboids

A

dorsal scapular nerve

105
Q

serratus anterior innervation

A

long thoracic nerve

MSK Anatomy (12 decks)

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