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MSK Anatomy > lower leg (incl knee) > Flashcards

lower leg (incl knee) Flashcards

1
Q

what type of joint is knee joint

A

hinge synovial

mainly allows for flexion and extension (+ small degree of medial and lateral rotation)

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2
Q

articulations of knee joint

A

tibiofemoral: medial and lateral condyles of femur articulate with tibial condyles. Weight-bearing component of knee joint
patellofemoral: anterior aspect distal femur atriculates with patella. It allows tendon of quadriceps femoris to be inserted direcly over knee

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3
Q

blood and nerve supply to knee joint

A

blood: genicular anastomoses around knee which are supplied by genicular branches of femoral + popliteal arteries

nerve supply by the nerves that supply the muscles crossing the joint: femoral, tibial, common fibular nerves

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4
Q

collateral ligements of knee

A

2 strap like ligaments that stabilise hing motion of knee, preventing excessive medial or lateral movement

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
tibial (medial) collateral ligament

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5
Q

cruciate ligaments of knee

A

2 ligaments that cross obliquely to form x shape

anterior cruciate: prevents anterior dislocation of tibia onto femur

posterior cruciate: prevents posterior dislocation of tibia onto femur

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6
Q

popliteus muscle

A

small muscle that helps release fully extended (locked) knee

when flexing from fully extension the muscle rotates laterally on tibia (or vice-versa) allowing for unimpeded movement of joint

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7
Q

what are the menisci of knee joint

A

crescent shaped plates of fibrocartilage direcrtly on the articular surface of the tibia

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8
Q

functions of menisci of knee joint

A

deepen articular surface of tibia, thus increasing joint stability

act as shock absorbers by increasing surface area to further dissipate forces

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9
Q

damage to what ligament usually results in a medial meniscal tear

A

tibial collateral ligament

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10
Q

bursae of knee joint

A

suprapatellar bursa (communicates with articular cavity of joint)
prepatella bursa
infrapatella bursa
semimebranosus bursa

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11
Q

what muscle causes knee joint extension

A

quadriceps femoris

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12
Q

what muscle causes knee joint flexion

A

hamstrings

sartorius
popliteus

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13
Q

what muscle causes knee joint lateral rotation

A

biceps femoris

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14
Q

what muscle causes knee joint medial rotation

A 
semimembranosus
semiteninosus 
gracilis 
sartorius 
popliteus
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15
Q

when can lateral and medial rotation of knee joint occyr

A

only when knee is flexed

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16
Q

what holds tibia and fibula together

A 
interosseous membrane 
(sheet of fibrous material)
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17
Q

proximal tibio-fibula joint

joint type
articulation
arteries
nerves

A

plane type synovial joint

articulation between head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

inferior genicular arteries and anterior tibial recurrent arteries

branches of common fibular nerve and nerve to popliteus

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18
Q

distal tibio-fibular joint

joint type
articulatin
arterial supply
nerve supple

A

fibrous joint

articulation between fibular notch of distal tibia and fibula

branches fibular artery and anterior + posterior tibial arteries

deep peroneal and tibial nerves

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19
Q

tibial tuberosity

A

anterior bony prominence felt ~3-4cm below knee joint

patella tendon attaches to this

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20
Q

what bone makes up medial malleolus

A

tibia

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21
Q

what bone makes up lateral malleolus

A

fibula

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22
Q

plantarflexion of ankle joint

A

movement of ankle downwards (pointing toes)

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23
Q

dorsiflexion of ankle joint

A

movement of ankle upwards

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24
Q

eversion of ankle joint

A

movement of ankle outwards

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25
Q

inversion of ankle joint

A

movement of ankle inwards

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26
Q

innervation and blood supple of muscles of anterior compartment leg

A

deep fibular nerve

anterior tibial artery

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27
Q

what are the muscles of anterior compartment leg

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius

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28
Q

function of tibialis anterior

A

dorsiflexion and inversion foot

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29
Q

function of extensor digitorum longus

A

extension lateral 4 toes and dorsiflexion foor

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30
Q

function of extensor hallucis longus

A

extension great toe and dorsiflexion of foot

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31
Q

funciton of fibularis tertius

A

eversion and dorsiflexion foot

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32
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the popliteal artery as it enters leg

A

anterior tibial artery

tibioperoneal trunk (which bifurcates into posterior tibial and fibular arteries)

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33
Q

muscles of lateral compartment leg and nerve supply and function

A

both superficial fibular nerve

fibularis longus: eversion and plantarflexion foot (also supports lateral + transverse arches foor)

fibularis brevis: eversion foot

34
Q

anterior aspect of foot

A

dorsum of foot

35
Q

ankle joint

A

tibia and fibula and the talus bone

functionally a hinge type synovial joint - permitting dorsiflexion and plantarflexion foot

36
Q

how it the ankle a mortise joint

A

bones at the superior aspect of joint (tibia and fibula) provide a socket into which the talus fits into

37
Q

medial ligament of ankle joint

A

deltoid ligament
medial malleoulus
4 ligaments which fan out attaching to talus, calcaneus and navicular bones

resist over-eversion of foot

38
Q

lateral ligament of ankle joint

A

originate lateral malleolus,
resist over-inversion

anterior talofibular
posterior talofibular
calceneofibular

39
Q

what ligament is most likely to be damaged in ankle sprain

A

lateral ligement

  • it is weaker than medial ligament
  • it resists inversion

(anterior talofibular ligament is most at tisk of irrevesrible damage)

40
Q

neurovascular supply to ankle joint

A

arterial supply derived from malleolar branches of anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular arteris

innvervation by tibial, superficial fibular and deep fibular nerves

41
Q

what muscles produce ankle plantarflexion

A

muscles in posterior compartment leg

  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantaris
  • posterior tibialis
42
Q

what muscles produce ankle dorsiflexion

A

anterior leg muscles

  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
43
Q

what is the popliteal fossa

A

fat filled diamond shaped space located posterior to knee joint

main path by which vessels and nerves pass between thigh and leg

44
Q

superomedial border of popliteal fossa

A

semimembranosus muscle

45
Q

superolateral border of popliteal fossa

A

biceps femoris muscle

46
Q

infromedial border popliteal fossa

A

medial head of gastrocnemius muscle

47
Q

inferolateral border popliteal fossa

A

lateral head gastrocnemius

plantaris muscle

48
Q

floor of popliteal foss

A

posterior surface knee joint capsule
popliteus muscle
posterior femur

49
Q

rood of popliteal fossa

A

2 layers: popliteal fascia and skin

50
Q

contents of popliteal fossa

A

from medial to lateral

  • popliteal artery
  • popliteal vein
  • tibial nerve
  • common fibular nerve

also contians fat and popliteal lymph nodes + vessels

51
Q

when does femoral artery become popliteal artery

A

as it emerges from adductor hiatus

52
Q

what nerve innervates all muscles of posterior leg

A

tibial nerve, a terminal branch of sciatic nerve

53
Q

superficial posterior muscles of leg and functions

A

gastrocnemius muscle: plantarflexion ankle and flex knee

plantaris muscle: plantarflexion ankle and flex knee

soleus muscle: plantarflexion ankle

54
Q

where do all superficial posterior leg muscles insert

A

into calcaneus of foot (heel bone) via the calcaneal tendon (aka achilles tendon)

55
Q

2 bursae associated with calcaneal tendon

A

subcutaneous calcaneal bursa

deep bursa of calcaneal tendon

56
Q

deep muscles of posterior leg

A

popliteus: laterally rotates femur on tibia unlocking knee so can flex

tibialis posterior: invert and plantarflex foot + maintains medial arch

flexor digitorum longus: flexes lateral 4 toes

flexor hallucis longus: flex great toe

57
Q

the subtalar joint

A

articulation between 2 of the tarsal bones in foot: talus and calcaneus

plane synovial joint

58
Q

articulating surfaces of subtalar joint and movement

A

inferior surface talus with superior surface calcaenus

inversion and eversion

59
Q

talocalcaneonavicular joint

A

ball and socket joint which allows foot to pivot from side to side

60
Q

function of plantar fascia foot

A

supports arches of foot

acts as spring when pushing off in normal walking gait

61
Q

proximal row of tarsal bones

A

talus

calcaneus

62
Q

intermediate row of tarsal bones

A

navicular bone

63
Q

distal row of tarsal bones

A 
cuboid 
3 cuneiforms (lateral, intermediate + medial)
64
Q

arches of foot

A 
two longitudinal (medial and lateral) 
one anterior transverse

distribute weight and act as shock absorber

65
Q

what are the arches of foot formed by

A

tarsal and metatarsal bones and supported by ligaments in foot

66
Q

passive factors that maintain integrity of foot arches

A

plantar aponeurosis
short plantar ligament
long plantar ligament
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

67
Q

dynamic factors that maintain integrity of foot arches

A 
intrinsic plantar muscles
fibularis longus
tibialis anterior
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
68
Q

extrinsic vs intrinsic muscles of foot

A

extrinsic: arise from compartments of leg.
intrinsic: within foor and responsible for fine motor actions

69
Q

intrinsic muscles of dorsal aspect foot

A

extensor digitorum brevis: extend medial 4 toes at MTP and interphalangeal jonts

extensor hallicus brevis: extend great toe at MTP

deep fibular nerve

70
Q

1st most superficial layer of plantar aspect foot muscles

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

71
Q

what does abductor hallucis do

A

abducts and flexes great toe

72
Q

what does flexor digitorum brevis do

A

flex lateral 4 digits at proximal interphalangeal joints

73
Q

what does abductor digiti minimi do

A

abducts and flexes 5th digit

74
Q

second layer of planter aspect foot muscles

A

quadratus plantae - flex lateral 3 digits

lumbricals
-4
flex at MTP joint
extend at interphalangeal joint

75
Q

third layer of planter aspect foot muscles

A

deep intrinsic muscles

adductors and short flexors of toes

76
Q

fourth layer of planter aspect foot muscles

A

interossei

77
Q

nerve supply abductor hallucis

A

median plantar nerve

78
Q

nerve supply flexor digitorum brevis

A

median plantar nerve

79
Q

nerve supply abductor digiti minimi

A

lateral plantar nerve

80
Q

quadratus plantae nerve supply and action

A

flex lateral 4 toes

lateral plantar nerve

81
Q

lumbricals action and nerve supply

A

flex proximal phalanges and extend digital phalanges lateral 4 toes

medial one: medial plantar nerve
lateral 3: lateral plantar nerve

MSK Anatomy (12 decks)

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