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lower leg (incl knee) Flashcards

1
Q

what type of joint is knee joint

A

hinge synovial

mainly allows for flexion and extension (+ small degree of medial and lateral rotation)

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2
Q

articulations of knee joint

A

tibiofemoral: medial and lateral condyles of femur articulate with tibial condyles. Weight-bearing component of knee joint
patellofemoral: anterior aspect distal femur atriculates with patella. It allows tendon of quadriceps femoris to be inserted direcly over knee

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3
Q

blood and nerve supply to knee joint

A

blood: genicular anastomoses around knee which are supplied by genicular branches of femoral + popliteal arteries

nerve supply by the nerves that supply the muscles crossing the joint: femoral, tibial, common fibular nerves

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4
Q

collateral ligements of knee

A

2 strap like ligaments that stabilise hing motion of knee, preventing excessive medial or lateral movement

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
tibial (medial) collateral ligament

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5
Q

cruciate ligaments of knee

A

2 ligaments that cross obliquely to form x shape

anterior cruciate: prevents anterior dislocation of tibia onto femur

posterior cruciate: prevents posterior dislocation of tibia onto femur

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6
Q

popliteus muscle

A

small muscle that helps release fully extended (locked) knee

when flexing from fully extension the muscle rotates laterally on tibia (or vice-versa) allowing for unimpeded movement of joint

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7
Q

what are the menisci of knee joint

A

crescent shaped plates of fibrocartilage direcrtly on the articular surface of the tibia

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8
Q

functions of menisci of knee joint

A

deepen articular surface of tibia, thus increasing joint stability

act as shock absorbers by increasing surface area to further dissipate forces

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9
Q

damage to what ligament usually results in a medial meniscal tear

A

tibial collateral ligament

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10
Q

bursae of knee joint

A

suprapatellar bursa (communicates with articular cavity of joint)
prepatella bursa
infrapatella bursa
semimebranosus bursa

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11
Q

what muscle causes knee joint extension

A

quadriceps femoris

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12
Q

what muscle causes knee joint flexion

A

hamstrings

sartorius
popliteus

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13
Q

what muscle causes knee joint lateral rotation

A

biceps femoris

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14
Q

what muscle causes knee joint medial rotation

A 
semimembranosus
semiteninosus 
gracilis 
sartorius 
popliteus
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15
Q

when can lateral and medial rotation of knee joint occyr

A

only when knee is flexed

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16
Q

what holds tibia and fibula together

A 
interosseous membrane 
(sheet of fibrous material)
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17
Q

proximal tibio-fibula joint

joint type
articulation
arteries
nerves

A

plane type synovial joint

articulation between head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

inferior genicular arteries and anterior tibial recurrent arteries

branches of common fibular nerve and nerve to popliteus

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18
Q

distal tibio-fibular joint

joint type
articulatin
arterial supply
nerve supple

A

fibrous joint

articulation between fibular notch of distal tibia and fibula

branches fibular artery and anterior + posterior tibial arteries

deep peroneal and tibial nerves

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19
Q

tibial tuberosity

A

anterior bony prominence felt ~3-4cm below knee joint

patella tendon attaches to this

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20
Q

what bone makes up medial malleolus

A

tibia

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21
Q

what bone makes up lateral malleolus

A

fibula

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22
Q

plantarflexion of ankle joint

A

movement of ankle downwards (pointing toes)

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23
Q

dorsiflexion of ankle joint

A

movement of ankle upwards

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24
Q

eversion of ankle joint

A

movement of ankle outwards

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25
inversion of ankle joint
movement of ankle inwards
26
innervation and blood supple of muscles of anterior compartment leg
deep fibular nerve anterior tibial artery
27
what are the muscles of anterior compartment leg
tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus fibularis tertius
28
function of tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion and inversion foot
29
function of extensor digitorum longus
extension lateral 4 toes and dorsiflexion foor
30
function of extensor hallucis longus
extension great toe and dorsiflexion of foot
31
funciton of fibularis tertius
eversion and dorsiflexion foot
32
what are the 2 divisions of the popliteal artery as it enters leg
anterior tibial artery tibioperoneal trunk (which bifurcates into posterior tibial and fibular arteries)
33
muscles of lateral compartment leg and nerve supply and function
both superficial fibular nerve fibularis longus: eversion and plantarflexion foot (also supports lateral + transverse arches foor) fibularis brevis: eversion foot
34
anterior aspect of foot
dorsum of foot
35
ankle joint
tibia and fibula and the talus bone functionally a hinge type synovial joint - permitting dorsiflexion and plantarflexion foot
36
how it the ankle a mortise joint
bones at the superior aspect of joint (tibia and fibula) provide a socket into which the talus fits into
37
medial ligament of ankle joint
deltoid ligament medial malleoulus 4 ligaments which fan out attaching to talus, calcaneus and navicular bones resist over-eversion of foot
38
lateral ligament of ankle joint
originate lateral malleolus, resist over-inversion anterior talofibular posterior talofibular calceneofibular
39
what ligament is most likely to be damaged in ankle sprain
lateral ligement - it is weaker than medial ligament - it resists inversion (anterior talofibular ligament is most at tisk of irrevesrible damage)
40
neurovascular supply to ankle joint
arterial supply derived from malleolar branches of anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular arteris innvervation by tibial, superficial fibular and deep fibular nerves
41
what muscles produce ankle plantarflexion
muscles in posterior compartment leg - gastrocnemius - soleus - plantaris - posterior tibialis
42
what muscles produce ankle dorsiflexion
anterior leg muscles - tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus
43
what is the popliteal fossa
fat filled diamond shaped space located posterior to knee joint main path by which vessels and nerves pass between thigh and leg
44
superomedial border of popliteal fossa
semimembranosus muscle
45
superolateral border of popliteal fossa
biceps femoris muscle
46
infromedial border popliteal fossa
medial head of gastrocnemius muscle
47
inferolateral border popliteal fossa
lateral head gastrocnemius | plantaris muscle
48
floor of popliteal foss
posterior surface knee joint capsule popliteus muscle posterior femur
49
rood of popliteal fossa
2 layers: popliteal fascia and skin
50
contents of popliteal fossa
from medial to lateral - popliteal artery - popliteal vein - tibial nerve - common fibular nerve also contians fat and popliteal lymph nodes + vessels
51
when does femoral artery become popliteal artery
as it emerges from adductor hiatus
52
what nerve innervates all muscles of posterior leg
tibial nerve, a terminal branch of sciatic nerve
53
superficial posterior muscles of leg and functions
gastrocnemius muscle: plantarflexion ankle and flex knee plantaris muscle: plantarflexion ankle and flex knee soleus muscle: plantarflexion ankle
54
where do all superficial posterior leg muscles insert
into calcaneus of foot (heel bone) via the calcaneal tendon (aka achilles tendon)
55
2 bursae associated with calcaneal tendon
subcutaneous calcaneal bursa | deep bursa of calcaneal tendon
56
deep muscles of posterior leg
popliteus: laterally rotates femur on tibia unlocking knee so can flex tibialis posterior: invert and plantarflex foot + maintains medial arch flexor digitorum longus: flexes lateral 4 toes flexor hallucis longus: flex great toe
57
the subtalar joint
articulation between 2 of the tarsal bones in foot: talus and calcaneus plane synovial joint
58
articulating surfaces of subtalar joint and movement
inferior surface talus with superior surface calcaenus inversion and eversion
59
talocalcaneonavicular joint
ball and socket joint which allows foot to pivot from side to side
60
function of plantar fascia foot
supports arches of foot | acts as spring when pushing off in normal walking gait
61
proximal row of tarsal bones
talus | calcaneus
62
intermediate row of tarsal bones
navicular bone
63
distal row of tarsal bones
``` cuboid 3 cuneiforms (lateral, intermediate + medial) ```
64
arches of foot
``` two longitudinal (medial and lateral) one anterior transverse ``` distribute weight and act as shock absorber
65
what are the arches of foot formed by
tarsal and metatarsal bones and supported by ligaments in foot
66
passive factors that maintain integrity of foot arches
plantar aponeurosis short plantar ligament long plantar ligament plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
67
dynamic factors that maintain integrity of foot arches
``` intrinsic plantar muscles fibularis longus tibialis anterior tibialis posterior flexor hallucis longus ```
68
extrinsic vs intrinsic muscles of foot
extrinsic: arise from compartments of leg. intrinsic: within foor and responsible for fine motor actions
69
intrinsic muscles of dorsal aspect foot
extensor digitorum brevis: extend medial 4 toes at MTP and interphalangeal jonts extensor hallicus brevis: extend great toe at MTP deep fibular nerve
70
1st most superficial layer of plantar aspect foot muscles
abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi
71
what does abductor hallucis do
abducts and flexes great toe
72
what does flexor digitorum brevis do
flex lateral 4 digits at proximal interphalangeal joints
73
what does abductor digiti minimi do
abducts and flexes 5th digit
74
second layer of planter aspect foot muscles
quadratus plantae - flex lateral 3 digits lumbricals -4 flex at MTP joint extend at interphalangeal joint
75
third layer of planter aspect foot muscles
deep intrinsic muscles adductors and short flexors of toes
76
fourth layer of planter aspect foot muscles
interossei
77
nerve supply abductor hallucis
median plantar nerve
78
nerve supply flexor digitorum brevis
median plantar nerve
79
nerve supply abductor digiti minimi
lateral plantar nerve
80
quadratus plantae nerve supply and action
flex lateral 4 toes lateral plantar nerve
81
lumbricals action and nerve supply
flex proximal phalanges and extend digital phalanges lateral 4 toes medial one: medial plantar nerve lateral 3: lateral plantar nerve

MSK Anatomy (12 decks)

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