Upper and lower infections clinical

Question 1

What are the risk factors of otitis media?

Answer 1

daycare, smoke exposure, lack of breast-feeding, ethnicity, family history, older siblings, low socioeconomic status, Downs (other health conditions)

Question 2

What are the common causes of acute otitis media?

Answer 2

strep pneumoniae
H. influenza
morazella catarhalis

Question 3

What are the chronic otitis media causes?

Answer 3

haemophilus influenza
moraxella catarhalis
strep pneumoniae

Question 4

What are teh three types of ear tubes?

Answer 4

pressure equalizing tubes
myrigotomy tubes
tympanostomy

Question 5

What is the role of ear tubes?

Answer 5

allows middlea ear to ventilate until eustachian tube is mature

Question 6

What are the indications for ear tube?

Answer 6

chronic middle ear effusion; conductive hearing loss
recurrent suppurative otitis media
atelectasis of middle ear
-inadequate ventilation by auditory tube
-retractio/deformation of tympanic

Question 7

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 7

air fillled cavities that are found in the bones of face/head
immature at birth, develop wiht age

Question 8

What are the 4 sets of sinuses?

Answer 8

ethmoid
maxillary
sphenoid
frontal

Question 9

What is rhino-sinusistis?

Answer 9

inflammation/infection f the nasal passage and paranasal

Question 10

What are teh types of sinus disease?

Answer 10

acute rhinosinusitis
-acute bacterial
-acute viral
recurrent acute rhinosinutistis
chornic rhinosinusitis

Question 11

What causes inflammation in the sinuses?

Answer 11

• viral infections
• environmental allergens
• environmental irritants
• mucus
• medications
• bacterial infectiosn
• fungus

Question 12

What is the clinical syndrome pseudomembranous candidiasis? (thrush)

Answer 12

adherent white plaques
-tongue bucal mucosa
-plaque wipe off and underlying mucosa
most common in infants and immunocompromised
can affect oropharynx and esophagus
2nd most common AIDS defining opportunistic infection

Question 13

What is angular chelitis?

Answer 13

combination of bacterial and fungla infections

soreness. erythema and fissuring

Question 14

What are teh two most common causes of angular chelitis?

Answer 14

C. albicans and S. aureus

Question 15

What is stomatitis?

Answer 15

inflammation of the mouth and lips

Question 16

What is waldeyers ring

Answer 16

aggregate lymphoid tissue upper aerodigestive dtract

Question 17

What are teh indications for adenotonsillectomy?

Answer 17

upper airways obstruciton
recurrent/chronic infection
neoplasia(unilateral hypertrophy)

Question 18

What are the signs of supraglottitis?

Answer 18

rapid onset
drooling,fever,sitting up, sick
inspiratory stridor
H. influenzae

Question 19

How do you treat supraglottis?

Answer 19

secure airway, antibiotics

Question 20

What are the signs of croup?

Answer 20

gradual onset
barking cough, low fevers
biphasic stridor
subglottic
viral

Question 21

What is the treatment for croup?

Answer 21

racemic epi, steroids, humidity

Question 22

What is the x-ray sign for croup?

Answer 22

subglottic narrowing”steeple sign”

Question 23

What is the x-ray appearance of epiglottitis?

Answer 23

epiglottic swelling “thumb sing”

Question 24

What are the signs of bacterial tracheitis?

Answer 24

toxic, cough, stridor, fever

imaging tracheal air column ragged, irregular

Question 25

What is the cause of bacterial tracheitis and what do you use to treat it?

Answer 25

usuall S. aureus

IV antibiotics, hydration, rigid bronchoscopy with debridement of tracheal crusts