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Renal/Resp > Pulmonary Mechanics > Flashcards

Pulmonary Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

inspiration max minus max tidal volume

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2
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

minimum tidal volume minus maximum expiration

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3
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume that happens in a each breath

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4
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

difference between maximum inspiration and minimum tidal volume

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5
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

difference between minimum tidal volume and physical max emptiness

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6
Q

What is residual volume?

A

difference between maximum expiration and physical maximum emptiness

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7
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

maximum physical differene between full lung and physically empty lung

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8
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Palv-Ppl

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9
Q

What is the order of inspiration?

A 
diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract
thorax expands
Ptp becomes more subatmospheric
increase tranpulmonary pressure
lungs expand
Palv becomes subatmospheric
air flows into alveoli
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10
Q

What determines airflow?

A

Flow=(Palv-Patm)/airway resistance

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11
Q

What are the simplle keys to spirometry interpretation?

A

look at FEV1/FBC ratio and the numbers

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12
Q

What does a low ratio indicate on spirometry

A

an obstructive procss

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13
Q

What si teh normal ratio for normal spirometry?

A

0.7 to 0.87 depending on demographic of patient

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14
Q

What is bronchodilator responsivity?

A

a significant response to bronchodilator when FBC or FEV1 increases at least 12%

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15
Q

What is the hallmark of a restrictive lung deficity?

A

reduced TLC

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16
Q

What are the role of type 1 pneumocytes?

A

alveolar, cover 95% of alveolar surface

17
Q

What are the type II pneumocytes function?

A

produce surfacant

repair of alveolar epithelium

18
Q

What are the types of obstructive lung disease?

A

ephysema
chronic bornchitis
asthma
bronchiectasis

19
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

lungs are focibly emptied at maximal speed from full point of inspiration

20
Q

What is FEV1?

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

21
Q

What is FEV1:FVC ratio?

A

useful for detecting obstruction and differentiating form restrictvie lung disease

22
Q

What is obstructive lung disease?

A

airway disorder-trachea to terminal bronchiole
increased resistance to air flow and limited expiratory rates on forced expiration

reduced FEV1:FVC

23
Q

What is restrictive lung disease?

A

parenchymal disorder-respiratory bronchiole, alveoli and alveolar ducts

decreased expansion with reuced total lung capacity, O2 diffusing capacity, lung volumes and compliance

up FEV1:FVC ratio

24
Q

What is emphysema?

A

permanent enlargment of all or part of hte respiratory unit accompanies by wall destruction without obvious fibrosis

25
Q

What is the pathogensis behind emphysema?

A

increased number of macrophages, CD8 and neutrophils

neutrophils and macrophages are activated by tissue damage from cigarette smoke

elastase and free radicals derive from neutrophils and macrophages

up elastase down antielastase – portease-antiportease mechanism

up oxidants and down antioxidants

destruction of elastic tissue

increased comliance and decreased elasticity

26
Q

What is centriacinar emphysema?

A

smokers emphsema, apical segment of upper lobe

27
Q

What is panacinar emphysema?

A

alpha-antitrypsin deficiency
AD genetic
lower lobes

all parts of respiratory unit

28
Q

What is alpha-antitrypsin devciency?

A

total lack of antiproteases throughout acinus

lower lung dustribution wherer perfusion and neutrophil numbers are graetest

smoking greatly accelerates this process

29
Q

What are the clinical finidngs of emphysema?

A 
severe and early onset of dyspnea
pink puffers
coexistaence with chronic bronchitis
cor pulmonale
diminished breath sounds due to hyperinflation
30
Q

What is CXR emphysema finidings?

A

increased AP diameter
hyperlucent
vertical heart
depresed diaphragm

31
Q

What is paraseptal emphysema?

A

subpleural involvement
spontaneous pneumothorax
no COPD

32
Q

What is irregular emphysema?

A

localized scar associated

no COPD

33
Q

What is chronic bornchitis?

A

productive cough for at least 3 months for two consecutive years
inhaled smoke is irritant leads to mucous hypersecretion airflow obstruction in terminal bronchioles, irreversible fibroiss of terminal bronchioles

infection maintenaince of disease and acute exacerbations

bronchospasm

34
Q

What are the clinical findings of chrnoic bronchitis?

A 
productive cough
cyansosis
blue bloaters
dyspnea
expiratory wheezing and ronchi
cor pulmonale
35
Q

What does a CXR show from chronic bronchitis?

A

enlarged heart, horizontally oriented

increased bronchial markings

Renal/Resp (22 decks)

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