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Renal/Resp > Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ways that bacteria spreadinto lower/sterile RT?

A 
direct inhalation: particle size
aspiration of upper airways ccontents
spread along mucous membrane surface
hematogenous spread
direct penetration
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2
Q

What are the important defense barriers to bacterial infections in respiratory tract?

A

ability to filter particles based on size
mucociliary escalator
respiratory tract secretions
localized immune cells and responses

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3
Q

What are the gram positive respiratry bacteria?

A

coccus: staph
strep

Rod: corynebacterium

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4
Q

What are the acid fast rods that infect respiratory tract?

A

mycobacterium

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5
Q

What are the bacteria that infect respiratory tract that have no cell wall?

A

mycoplasma

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6
Q

What are the gram negative coccus that infect lungs?

A

Neisseria

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7
Q

What are the gram negative rods infect respiratory tract?

A

psuedomonas
legionella
haemophilus

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8
Q

What are the gram negative coccobacillus that infect respiratory tract?

A

bordetella

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9
Q

What respiratory diseases does strep pneumoniae cause?

A

otitis media
sinusitis
pneumonia

alpha hemolytic
polysaccharide capsule

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10
Q

What diseases does strep pyogenes cause?

A

strep throat
scarlet fever

beta-hemolytic
hyaluronic capsule
M protein

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11
Q

What resp tract disease does staph aureus cause?

A

upper RT infections
pneumonia

polysaccharide capsule
protein A
lots of toxins

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12
Q

What respiratory diseases does neiserria meningitis cause?

A

pharyngitis
pneumonia

polysaccharide capsule
pilin
makes endotoxin

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13
Q

What respiratory disease does haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

otitis media
sinusitis
pneumonia

adhesins

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14
Q

What respiratory disease does mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

TB

acute/latent infections
lipid-rich envelope cell envelope

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15
Q

What disease does legionella pnumophila cause?

A

legionairres disease
pontiac fever

opportunistic

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16
Q

What disease does pseudomonas aeurginosa cause?

A

otitis media
pneumonia

opportunistic forms biofilms

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17
Q

What disease does mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A

tracheobronchitis
pneumonia

lacks cell wall
P1 adhesin

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18
Q

What diseasae does corynebacterium diptheriae cause?

A

diptheria
psuedomembrane in RT

Diptheria toxin
local and systemic infection

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19
Q

What disease does bordetella pertussis cause?

A

pertussis

pertussis toxin
pertactin
FHA
fimbriae

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20
Q

What bacteria is a strict aerobe that adheres to cilia of respiratory epithelium; produces pertussis toxin expresses several adehsins including FHA, pertactin and pili?

A

bordetella pertussis

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21
Q

What is FHA and pertactin?

A

FHA (filamenouts hemagglutinin)
pertactin these are adhesins

bordetella pertussis

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of disease elictation for bordetella pertussis?

A

bacteria binds to cilated epithelium
PTx alters adenylate cyclase activity
-ADP ribosylates Gia
-elevated cAMP
-increased secretions and mucus production
other secreted factors damages the mucocillary escalator

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23
Q

What bacteria is gram positive, arranged in pallisade?

A

corynebacterium diptheriae?

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24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of diptheria toxin?

A

ADP-ribosylates EF-2 and inhibits protein synthesis

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25
Q

What disease is associated with infection by corynebacterium diptheriae?

A

non toxin producing strains produce a localized infection resulting in pseudomembrane. Toxin-producing strains also cause systemic disase

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26
Q

What does corynebacterium diptheriae produce to allow colonization of upper RT?

A

pili

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of disease elicitation of C. Diphtheriae?

A

pili mediate adherence to respiratory epithelium
extensive bacterial replication at surface of epithelium
two stages: invasion and toxigenesis (only toxin producing strain)

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28
Q

What is teh vaccine for diptheria?

A

formalin inactivated diptheria toxin (diptheria toxoid)

also carrier for conjugate vaccines(Hib)-CRM 197 a point mutation within DT that inactivates the toxin

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29
Q

What is the neisseria meningitidis features?

A 
gm negative diplococci
oxidase +
catalase+
polysaccharide capsule
produce pili common inhabitant of nasopharynx
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30
Q

What are the disases associated with infection of the RT?

A

pharyngitis, pneumonia - usually preceded by respiratory tract ifnecction. Often seen in individuals with underlying disase or in kids

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31
Q

What is N. meningitidis mechanisms of disease elicitation?

A

capsule-prevent phagocytosis
type 4-pili- colonization of nasopharynx
endotoxin–responsible for most clinical manifestations
LOS-lipooligosacharide

32
Q

What is strep pyogenes features?

A

gm +
beta-hemolytic arranged in chain
possess M protein and hyaluronic capsule
catalase negative

33
Q

What disases are associated with infection by strep pyogenes?

A

pharyngitis (strep throat): redness and edema of mucous membrane, fever, purulent exudate

scarlett fever: strep pharyngitis and an erythematous punctiform

34
Q

What is the mechanism of s. pyogenes disease elicitation?

A 
surface proteins (M, F protei, LTA) promote adherence
localized tissue destruction to secreted enzymes
scarlet fever is secondary complication due to pyrogenic exotoxins
35
Q

What is staph aureus important features?

A

gm+, catalase +, produce a polysaccharide capusle, surface coated with protein A, produce many differetn toxin and cytopathic enzymes

36
Q

What disease associated with infections of RT by staph aureus?

A

pneumonia normally seen in young and elderly with underlying pulm disases acquired via apiration of oral secretions or hematogenous spread from distant site

37
Q

What is strep pneumonia important features?

A

gm+, alpha-hemolytic, virulent strains produce polysaccharide capsule

38
Q

What are the diseases associated with infection of RT?

A

lobar pneumoniia
sinusitis
otitis media

39
Q

What are the mechanism of disease elicitaion by s. pneumoniae?

A

surface protein adherins-binds to epithelial cells
secretory IgA-disrupts sIgA-mediated clearance
pneumolysin-destroy cilated clearance
capsule-antiphagocytic
pneumolysin-suppresses phagocyte oxidative burst

40
Q

What are the important features of haemophilus influenzae?

A

small gram neg rods
require heme and NAD for growth
invasive species possess polysaccharide capsule uses pilis and OMPs to bind resp epithelial cells

41
Q

What are the diseases associated with infection of RT?

A

pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis, epiglottis

non-encapsulated strains colonize upper RT

42
Q

What are the mechanisms of disease H. Influenzae?

A

attaches to respiratory epithelium through pili and OMPs
gain access to underlying submucosa by invading btw epithelium
cause inuction of pro-inflammatory response.

43
Q

What are the H. influenzae vaccine-polysaccharide capsule?

A

vaccine to Hib

three monovalent conjugate vaccines and combination Hib-conjugate vaccines available

44
Q

What is mycoplasma pneumoniae important features?

A

no cell wall
coccoid
triple layered membrane

obligate aerobe

P1 adhesin

45
Q

What is the disease associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

tracheobronchitis and atypical pneumonia

46
Q

What is the mechanism of disease elicitation of M. pneumoniae?

A

associates with upper airway through major adhesion=P1

binding destroys cilia and inhibits clearance

induces inflammatory response

47
Q

What are the important features of pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A 
gram negative
single polar flagella
oxidase +
biofilms
opportunist pathogens
48
Q

What are teh diseases associated with infection by pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

associated with infection a vairety of diseases

49
Q

What is the mechanism of disease elicitation P. aeurginosa?

A

opportunistic
biofilm
pilins and other adhesins which promote association
promotes numerous secreted protiens

50
Q

What are the important features and legionella pneumophila?

A 
gram negative rod
opportunistic pathogen
cytotoxins
hemolysins
endotoxins
lipases
51
Q

What are the mechanisms of Legionella pneumophila disease elicitation?

A

survives inside alveolar macrophages within lungs
productions of various enzymes kills infected host cells
little is known about what responsible for difference in disease presentation

52
Q

What is the mechanism of disease elicitation of M. tuberculosis?

A

bacterium survives within host-generated granulomas
reactivates to cause acute disease
disease symptomology primarily over-exagerrated host response to infection leading to tissue necrosis

53
Q

What is the pathogenesis of influenza?

A

acute respiratory disease
virus infects ciliated epithelial lining upper resp tract
virus replication-destruction of respiratory epithelium
viremia is not a major role in pathogenesis

54
Q

What are the clinical features of influenza?

A 
normally a self limited disease
secondary bacteria linfections are major cause of death
rare complications include
-myositis and cardiac involvement
-Guillain-Barre syndrome
encephalitis
reye syndrome
55
Q

What are antiviral therapy for influenza?

A

amantadine and rimantadine - inhibit uncoating yb blocking M2 protein

Zanamivir and Oseltamivir -
neuraminidase inhibitors

56
Q

What are the symptoms of enterovirus?

A

common cold symptoms (summer colds)

fever, head ache fatigue

57
Q

What is coronavirus?

A

second most common cause of common cold

disease limited to upper resp tract

58
Q

What is sars?

A

sudden acute respiratory syndorme

not highly contagious

59
Q

What is middle east respiratory syndrome?

A

from camels
doesn’t appear to pass from person to person readily
cause severe pneumonia and renal failure

60
Q

What is parainfluenza virus?

A

common nosocomial infection

lower respiratory complications in infants and young children (croup)

61
Q

What is respiratory syncytial virus?

A

localized infection of respiratory tract

blockage of narrow airways of infants
virus induced cpe includes synctycia multinucleated cells

natural infection doesn’t prevent re-infetions

62
Q

What is the treatment for RSV?

A

treatment supportive
in immunocompromised-aerosolized ribavirin
premature infants-passive immunization with anti_RSV Ig

63
Q

What is metapneumovirus?

A

clinicalclinical spectrum of disease similar to RSV

64
Q

What is hendra and nipha virus?

A

two emerging viruses with high mortality rate

bats to people with pigs

65
Q

What can adenovirus cause as far as respiratory illness?

A

acute reespiratory disease, sometimes

pharyngoconjunctival fever

66
Q

What respiratory tract virus can cause cause destructive productive infection with persistent infection with virus shedding or latent infections in lymphoid tissues?

A

adenovirus

67
Q

What is used to treat severe adenovirus in immunocompromised people?

A

cidofovir

68
Q

What is the most common cause of death in young children with measels?

A

pneumonia

69
Q

What are teh symptoms of measels?

A

maculopapular rash, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, photophobia,koplik spots

complications: otitis media, croup, pneumonia, blindness

70
Q

What DNA viruses are enveloped?

A

pox
herpes
hepadna

71
Q

What DNA viruses are naked capsid based?

A

polyoma
papilloma
adeno

parvo(ss)

72
Q

What RNA viruses are + sense?

A

picorna, calci

toga, flavi, corona

73
Q

What viruses are negative sense RNA?

A 
rhabdo
filo
orthomyxo
-Influezna
paramyxo
-parainfluenza
-RSV
-metapneumovirus
-measels
bunya
arena
74
Q

What is the structure of histoplasmosa in lungs?

A

cause granulomas

75
Q

What is the cause of fibrosing in histoplasmosa?

A 
primary infection
lsion heals
secondary inflammation
fibrosis
obstruction of superior vena cava
cor pulmonale
mitral stenosis

-seriousness of histo infection grabbed public attention a few years ago when a noted singer/songwriter was hospitalized with pericarditis

Renal/Resp (22 decks)

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