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Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ways that bacteria spreadinto lower/sterile RT?

A 
direct inhalation: particle size
aspiration of upper airways ccontents
spread along mucous membrane surface
hematogenous spread
direct penetration
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2
Q

What are the important defense barriers to bacterial infections in respiratory tract?

A

ability to filter particles based on size
mucociliary escalator
respiratory tract secretions
localized immune cells and responses

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3
Q

What are the gram positive respiratry bacteria?

A

coccus: staph
strep

Rod: corynebacterium

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4
Q

What are the acid fast rods that infect respiratory tract?

A

mycobacterium

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5
Q

What are the bacteria that infect respiratory tract that have no cell wall?

A

mycoplasma

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6
Q

What are the gram negative coccus that infect lungs?

A

Neisseria

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7
Q

What are the gram negative rods infect respiratory tract?

A

psuedomonas
legionella
haemophilus

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8
Q

What are the gram negative coccobacillus that infect respiratory tract?

A

bordetella

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9
Q

What respiratory diseases does strep pneumoniae cause?

A

otitis media
sinusitis
pneumonia

alpha hemolytic
polysaccharide capsule

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10
Q

What diseases does strep pyogenes cause?

A

strep throat
scarlet fever

beta-hemolytic
hyaluronic capsule
M protein

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11
Q

What resp tract disease does staph aureus cause?

A

upper RT infections
pneumonia

polysaccharide capsule
protein A
lots of toxins

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12
Q

What respiratory diseases does neiserria meningitis cause?

A

pharyngitis
pneumonia

polysaccharide capsule
pilin
makes endotoxin

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13
Q

What respiratory disease does haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

otitis media
sinusitis
pneumonia

adhesins

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14
Q

What respiratory disease does mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

TB

acute/latent infections
lipid-rich envelope cell envelope

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15
Q

What disease does legionella pnumophila cause?

A

legionairres disease
pontiac fever

opportunistic

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16
Q

What disease does pseudomonas aeurginosa cause?

A

otitis media
pneumonia

opportunistic forms biofilms

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17
Q

What disease does mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A

tracheobronchitis
pneumonia

lacks cell wall
P1 adhesin

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18
Q

What diseasae does corynebacterium diptheriae cause?

A

diptheria
psuedomembrane in RT

Diptheria toxin
local and systemic infection

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19
Q

What disease does bordetella pertussis cause?

A

pertussis

pertussis toxin
pertactin
FHA
fimbriae

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20
Q

What bacteria is a strict aerobe that adheres to cilia of respiratory epithelium; produces pertussis toxin expresses several adehsins including FHA, pertactin and pili?

A

bordetella pertussis

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21
Q

What is FHA and pertactin?

A

FHA (filamenouts hemagglutinin)
pertactin these are adhesins

bordetella pertussis

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of disease elictation for bordetella pertussis?

A

bacteria binds to cilated epithelium
PTx alters adenylate cyclase activity
-ADP ribosylates Gia
-elevated cAMP
-increased secretions and mucus production
other secreted factors damages the mucocillary escalator

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23
Q

What bacteria is gram positive, arranged in pallisade?

A

corynebacterium diptheriae?

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24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of diptheria toxin?

A

ADP-ribosylates EF-2 and inhibits protein synthesis

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25
What disease is associated with infection by corynebacterium diptheriae?
non toxin producing strains produce a localized infection resulting in pseudomembrane. Toxin-producing strains also cause systemic disase
26
What does corynebacterium diptheriae produce to allow colonization of upper RT?
pili
27
What is the mechanism of disease elicitation of C. Diphtheriae?
pili mediate adherence to respiratory epithelium extensive bacterial replication at surface of epithelium two stages: invasion and toxigenesis (only toxin producing strain)
28
What is teh vaccine for diptheria?
formalin inactivated diptheria toxin (diptheria toxoid) also carrier for conjugate vaccines(Hib)-CRM 197 a point mutation within DT that inactivates the toxin
29
What is the neisseria meningitidis features?
``` gm negative diplococci oxidase + catalase+ polysaccharide capsule produce pili common inhabitant of nasopharynx ```
30
What are the disases associated with infection of the RT?
pharyngitis, pneumonia - usually preceded by respiratory tract ifnecction. Often seen in individuals with underlying disase or in kids
31
What is N. meningitidis mechanisms of disease elicitation?
capsule-prevent phagocytosis type 4-pili- colonization of nasopharynx endotoxin--responsible for most clinical manifestations LOS-lipooligosacharide
32
What is strep pyogenes features?
gm + beta-hemolytic arranged in chain possess M protein and hyaluronic capsule catalase negative
33
What disases are associated with infection by strep pyogenes?
pharyngitis (strep throat): redness and edema of mucous membrane, fever, purulent exudate scarlett fever: strep pharyngitis and an erythematous punctiform
34
What is the mechanism of s. pyogenes disease elicitation?
``` surface proteins (M, F protei, LTA) promote adherence localized tissue destruction to secreted enzymes scarlet fever is secondary complication due to pyrogenic exotoxins ```
35
What is staph aureus important features?
gm+, catalase +, produce a polysaccharide capusle, surface coated with protein A, produce many differetn toxin and cytopathic enzymes
36
What disease associated with infections of RT by staph aureus?
pneumonia normally seen in young and elderly with underlying pulm disases acquired via apiration of oral secretions or hematogenous spread from distant site
37
What is strep pneumonia important features?
gm+, alpha-hemolytic, virulent strains produce polysaccharide capsule
38
What are the diseases associated with infection of RT?
lobar pneumoniia sinusitis otitis media
39
What are the mechanism of disease elicitaion by s. pneumoniae?
surface protein adherins-binds to epithelial cells secretory IgA-disrupts sIgA-mediated clearance pneumolysin-destroy cilated clearance capsule-antiphagocytic pneumolysin-suppresses phagocyte oxidative burst
40
What are the important features of haemophilus influenzae?
small gram neg rods require heme and NAD for growth invasive species possess polysaccharide capsule uses pilis and OMPs to bind resp epithelial cells
41
What are the diseases associated with infection of RT?
pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis, epiglottis | non-encapsulated strains colonize upper RT
42
What are the mechanisms of disease H. Influenzae?
attaches to respiratory epithelium through pili and OMPs gain access to underlying submucosa by invading btw epithelium cause inuction of pro-inflammatory response.
43
What are the H. influenzae vaccine-polysaccharide capsule?
vaccine to Hib | three monovalent conjugate vaccines and combination Hib-conjugate vaccines available
44
What is mycoplasma pneumoniae important features?
no cell wall coccoid triple layered membrane obligate aerobe P1 adhesin
45
What is the disease associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae
tracheobronchitis and atypical pneumonia
46
What is the mechanism of disease elicitation of M. pneumoniae?
associates with upper airway through major adhesion=P1 binding destroys cilia and inhibits clearance induces inflammatory response
47
What are the important features of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
``` gram negative single polar flagella oxidase + biofilms opportunist pathogens ```
48
What are teh diseases associated with infection by pseudomonas aeruginosa?
associated with infection a vairety of diseases
49
What is the mechanism of disease elicitation P. aeurginosa?
opportunistic biofilm pilins and other adhesins which promote association promotes numerous secreted protiens
50
What are the important features and legionella pneumophila?
``` gram negative rod opportunistic pathogen cytotoxins hemolysins endotoxins lipases ```
51
What are the mechanisms of Legionella pneumophila disease elicitation?
survives inside alveolar macrophages within lungs productions of various enzymes kills infected host cells little is known about what responsible for difference in disease presentation
52
What is the mechanism of disease elicitation of M. tuberculosis?
bacterium survives within host-generated granulomas reactivates to cause acute disease disease symptomology primarily over-exagerrated host response to infection leading to tissue necrosis
53
What is the pathogenesis of influenza?
acute respiratory disease virus infects ciliated epithelial lining upper resp tract virus replication-destruction of respiratory epithelium viremia is not a major role in pathogenesis
54
What are the clinical features of influenza?
``` normally a self limited disease secondary bacteria linfections are major cause of death rare complications include -myositis and cardiac involvement -Guillain-Barre syndrome encephalitis reye syndrome ```
55
What are antiviral therapy for influenza?
amantadine and rimantadine - inhibit uncoating yb blocking M2 protein Zanamivir and Oseltamivir - neuraminidase inhibitors
56
What are the symptoms of enterovirus?
common cold symptoms (summer colds) | fever, head ache fatigue
57
What is coronavirus?
second most common cause of common cold | disease limited to upper resp tract
58
What is sars?
sudden acute respiratory syndorme | not highly contagious
59
What is middle east respiratory syndrome?
from camels doesn't appear to pass from person to person readily cause severe pneumonia and renal failure
60
What is parainfluenza virus?
common nosocomial infection | lower respiratory complications in infants and young children (croup)
61
What is respiratory syncytial virus?
localized infection of respiratory tract blockage of narrow airways of infants virus induced cpe includes synctycia multinucleated cells natural infection doesn't prevent re-infetions
62
What is the treatment for RSV?
treatment supportive in immunocompromised-aerosolized ribavirin premature infants-passive immunization with anti_RSV Ig
63
What is metapneumovirus?
clinicalclinical spectrum of disease similar to RSV
64
What is hendra and nipha virus?
two emerging viruses with high mortality rate | bats to people with pigs
65
What can adenovirus cause as far as respiratory illness?
acute reespiratory disease, sometimes | pharyngoconjunctival fever
66
What respiratory tract virus can cause cause destructive productive infection with persistent infection with virus shedding or latent infections in lymphoid tissues?
adenovirus
67
What is used to treat severe adenovirus in immunocompromised people?
cidofovir
68
What is the most common cause of death in young children with measels?
pneumonia
69
What are teh symptoms of measels?
maculopapular rash, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, photophobia,koplik spots complications: otitis media, croup, pneumonia, blindness
70
What DNA viruses are enveloped?
pox herpes hepadna
71
What DNA viruses are naked capsid based?
polyoma papilloma adeno parvo(ss)
72
What RNA viruses are + sense?
picorna, calci toga, flavi, corona
73
What viruses are negative sense RNA?
``` rhabdo filo orthomyxo -Influezna paramyxo -parainfluenza -RSV -metapneumovirus -measels bunya arena ```
74
What is the structure of histoplasmosa in lungs?
cause granulomas
75
What is the cause of fibrosing in histoplasmosa?
``` primary infection lsion heals secondary inflammation fibrosis obstruction of superior vena cava cor pulmonale mitral stenosis ``` -seriousness of histo infection grabbed public attention a few years ago when a noted singer/songwriter was hospitalized with pericarditis

Renal/Resp (22 decks)

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