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Respiratory > Upper and Lower Ariways Structure > Flashcards

Upper and Lower Ariways Structure Flashcards

1
Q

what is normal breathing

A

obligate nasal breathing

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2
Q

what do anterior nares open into

A

enlarged vestibules

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3
Q

what is the purpose of turbines

A

double surface area of nasal sinus

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4
Q

what are the nasal sinuses

A

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

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5
Q

what is the innervation of the frontal sinus

A

CN V

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6
Q

where does the maxillary sinus open into

A

middle meatus

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7
Q

how does the maxillary sinus drain into the nasal cavity

A

through hiatus semilunaris

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8
Q

where does the ethmoid sinus drain

A

semilunar hiatus of middle meatus

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9
Q

what is the innervation of the ethmoid sinus

A

V1 and V2

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10
Q

what is the innervation of sphenoid sinus

A

V1

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11
Q

where does the sphenoid sinus drain

A

into Sphenoethmoidal recess

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12
Q

what are the 3 components of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngo/ hypopharynx

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13
Q

what are the 3 single cartilages of the larynx

A

epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid

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14
Q

what are the 3 double cartilages of the larynx

A

cuneiform, coriculate, arytenoid

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15
Q

what does the arytenoid cartilage attach to

A

vocal cords

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16
Q

what nerve provides majority of motor function to larynx

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve - everywhere except cricothyroid

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17
Q

what nerve provides sensation to the infraglottis

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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18
Q

what does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do

A

provides sensory innervation to supraglottis

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19
Q

what does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do

A

provides motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle

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20
Q

describe the passage of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

lateral to arch of aorta, under aorta ascends between trachea and oeophagus

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21
Q

describe the path of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

follows r subclavian in plane between trachea and oesophagus

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22
Q

describe the division of the trachea

A

trachea to main bronchi to lobar bronchi to segmental bronchi to respiratory bronchiole to terminal bronchiole to alveolar ducts to alveoli

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23
Q

how many divisions are there from trachea to alveoli

A

24

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24
Q

where does the trachea extend between

A

larynx C6 to carina T5

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25
Q

what is the epithelium of the trachea

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells and muscocilliary clearance

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26
Q

which main bronchi is more vertically disposed

A

right main bronchi

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27
Q

what part of the respiratory path has greatest restriction to airflow

A

respiratory bronchiole

28
Q

what is an acinus

A

final functional unit that comprises respiratory bronchiole and alveoli

29
Q

what do the pores of Kohn do

A

interconnection between alveoli

30
Q

what makes up the conducting part of the airways

A

trachea to respiratory bronchioles - no gas exchange

31
Q

what makes up the respiratory part of the airways

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli - gas exchange

32
Q

what makes up alveoli

A

type I and II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, basement membrane, interstitial tissue, capillary endothelial cells

33
Q

what does sympathetic innervation of the lung cause

A

bronchodilation

34
Q

what does parasympathetic innervation of the lung cause

A

bronchoconstriction

35
Q

what sensation does the visceral pleura have

A

autonomic

36
Q

what sensation does the parietal pleural transmit

A

pain

37
Q

what arteries supply rhe lungs

A

bronchial arteries

38
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

39
Q

what fissures does the right lung have

A

horizontal and oblique

40
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2

41
Q

what fissures does the left lung have

A

oblique

42
Q

what is the purpose of the respiratory pump

A

generates negative intra-alveolar pressure

43
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure

A

pressure difference between inside and outside of lunsg

44
Q

how is transpulomary pressure calculated

A

alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

45
Q

what is alveolar pressure

A

air in pulmonary alveoli

46
Q

what is intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural space (also called intrathoracic pressure)

47
Q

how is intrapleural/ intrathoracic pressure genertaed

A

due to visceral pleura adhering to parietal pleura

48
Q

what is the purpose of intrapleural/ intrathoracic pressure

A

opposes elastic recoil of lungs, keeps lungs attached to thoracic wall and diaphragm so keeps them partially inflated

49
Q

what muscles are invoved in forced expiration

A

internal intercostals

50
Q

what is respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

51
Q

what is the function of respiratory epithelium

A

barrier, moisten and protect airways

52
Q

what does mucus from respiratory epithelium contain

A

antibodies

it is also sticky; so ciliary escalator works

53
Q

what initiates acute inflammation in tissue

A

epithelial production of hydrogen peroxide which is amplified by specialise macrophages

54
Q

what granules do neutrophils contain

A

primary and secondary granules

55
Q

what do primary granules in neutrophils contain

A

myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsisn, defensins

56
Q

what do secondary granules in neutrophils contain

A

receptors, lysosomes, colagenease

57
Q

give an overview of the process of alveolar macrophages

A

identify threat, activation, adhesion, migration/ chemotaxis, phagocytosis, bacterial killing

58
Q

describe activation of alveolar macrophages

A

stimulus response coupling stimulates transduction pathways involving ca2+, protein kinases, phospholipids and G-proteins

59
Q

how does bacterial killing in alveolar macrophages occur

A

lysosomal enzymes and ROS generated by NADPH oxidase

60
Q

describe the composition of mucous

A

viscoelastic gel contain water, COH, proteins and lipids

61
Q

where are cough receptors located

A

larynx, trachea and bronchi

62
Q

what is the afferent innervation of the cough reflex

A

CN 5 and 9 and 10 and superior laryngeal

63
Q

what is the efferent innevraiton of the cough reflex

A

recurrent laryngeal and spinal nerves

64
Q

what is the interaction between alcohol and the cough reflex

A

inhibits the cough reflex to alcoholics are more susceptible to choking and pneumonia

65
Q

describe the cough reflex process

A

stimulation f medullary inspiratory neurones reflexly leads to deep inspiration
epiglottis closes and vocal cords shut tightly to trap air in lungs
abdominal muscles contract forcefully and contract against diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles contract forcefully
increased in inrathoracic pressure leads to narrowing of trachea
vocal cords/ epiglottis suddenly open wide

66
Q

describe the effect of the large pressure difference generated in the cough reflex

A

rapid flow through trachea, air expelled, particles/ secretions moved from smaller to larger airways, aspiration of material into lungs is prevented

Respiratory (11 decks)

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