Upper and Lower Ariways Structure Flashcards
what is normal breathing
obligate nasal breathing
what do anterior nares open into
enlarged vestibules
what is the purpose of turbines
double surface area of nasal sinus
what are the nasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
what is the innervation of the frontal sinus
CN V
where does the maxillary sinus open into
middle meatus
how does the maxillary sinus drain into the nasal cavity
through hiatus semilunaris
where does the ethmoid sinus drain
semilunar hiatus of middle meatus
what is the innervation of the ethmoid sinus
V1 and V2
what is the innervation of sphenoid sinus
V1
where does the sphenoid sinus drain
into Sphenoethmoidal recess
what are the 3 components of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngo/ hypopharynx
what are the 3 single cartilages of the larynx
epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid
what are the 3 double cartilages of the larynx
cuneiform, coriculate, arytenoid
what does the arytenoid cartilage attach to
vocal cords
what nerve provides majority of motor function to larynx
recurrent laryngeal nerve - everywhere except cricothyroid
what nerve provides sensation to the infraglottis
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do
provides sensory innervation to supraglottis
what does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do
provides motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle
describe the passage of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
lateral to arch of aorta, under aorta ascends between trachea and oeophagus
describe the path of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve
follows r subclavian in plane between trachea and oesophagus
describe the division of the trachea
trachea to main bronchi to lobar bronchi to segmental bronchi to respiratory bronchiole to terminal bronchiole to alveolar ducts to alveoli
how many divisions are there from trachea to alveoli
24
where does the trachea extend between
larynx C6 to carina T5
what is the epithelium of the trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells and muscocilliary clearance
which main bronchi is more vertically disposed
right main bronchi
what part of the respiratory path has greatest restriction to airflow
respiratory bronchiole
what is an acinus
final functional unit that comprises respiratory bronchiole and alveoli
what do the pores of Kohn do
interconnection between alveoli
what makes up the conducting part of the airways
trachea to respiratory bronchioles - no gas exchange
what makes up the respiratory part of the airways
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli - gas exchange
what makes up alveoli
type I and II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, basement membrane, interstitial tissue, capillary endothelial cells
what does sympathetic innervation of the lung cause
bronchodilation
what does parasympathetic innervation of the lung cause
bronchoconstriction
what sensation does the visceral pleura have
autonomic
what sensation does the parietal pleural transmit
pain
what arteries supply rhe lungs
bronchial arteries
how many lobes does the right lung have
3
what fissures does the right lung have
horizontal and oblique
how many lobes does the left lung have
2
what fissures does the left lung have
oblique
what is the purpose of the respiratory pump
generates negative intra-alveolar pressure
what is transpulmonary pressure
pressure difference between inside and outside of lunsg
how is transpulomary pressure calculated
alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure
what is alveolar pressure
air in pulmonary alveoli
what is intrapleural pressure
pressure in pleural space (also called intrathoracic pressure)
how is intrapleural/ intrathoracic pressure genertaed
due to visceral pleura adhering to parietal pleura
what is the purpose of intrapleural/ intrathoracic pressure
opposes elastic recoil of lungs, keeps lungs attached to thoracic wall and diaphragm so keeps them partially inflated
what muscles are invoved in forced expiration
internal intercostals
what is respiratory epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
what is the function of respiratory epithelium
barrier, moisten and protect airways
what does mucus from respiratory epithelium contain
antibodies
it is also sticky; so ciliary escalator works
what initiates acute inflammation in tissue
epithelial production of hydrogen peroxide which is amplified by specialise macrophages
what granules do neutrophils contain
primary and secondary granules
what do primary granules in neutrophils contain
myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsisn, defensins
what do secondary granules in neutrophils contain
receptors, lysosomes, colagenease
give an overview of the process of alveolar macrophages
identify threat, activation, adhesion, migration/ chemotaxis, phagocytosis, bacterial killing
describe activation of alveolar macrophages
stimulus response coupling stimulates transduction pathways involving ca2+, protein kinases, phospholipids and G-proteins
how does bacterial killing in alveolar macrophages occur
lysosomal enzymes and ROS generated by NADPH oxidase
describe the composition of mucous
viscoelastic gel contain water, COH, proteins and lipids
where are cough receptors located
larynx, trachea and bronchi
what is the afferent innervation of the cough reflex
CN 5 and 9 and 10 and superior laryngeal
what is the efferent innevraiton of the cough reflex
recurrent laryngeal and spinal nerves
what is the interaction between alcohol and the cough reflex
inhibits the cough reflex to alcoholics are more susceptible to choking and pneumonia
describe the cough reflex process
stimulation f medullary inspiratory neurones reflexly leads to deep inspiration
epiglottis closes and vocal cords shut tightly to trap air in lungs
abdominal muscles contract forcefully and contract against diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles contract forcefully
increased in inrathoracic pressure leads to narrowing of trachea
vocal cords/ epiglottis suddenly open wide
describe the effect of the large pressure difference generated in the cough reflex
rapid flow through trachea, air expelled, particles/ secretions moved from smaller to larger airways, aspiration of material into lungs is prevented
