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Respiratory > Control of Respiration > Flashcards

Control of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what has the main influence on breathing

A

CO2

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2
Q

what is the pre-Botzinger group

A

pacemaker cells in superior ventral respiratory group that act as breathing rhythm generator

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3
Q

what acts as the breathing rhythm generator

A

pre-Botzinger group

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4
Q

what does the pons respiratory group do

A

regulates some normal discharges of breathing

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5
Q

what are the 2 parts of the pons respiratory group

A

pneumotaxic and apneustic centres

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6
Q

what does the pneumotaxic centre do

A

puts brakes on breathing

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7
Q

what does the apneustic centre do

A

moderates effects of pneumotaxic centre - but can be overruled by pneumotaxic centre
stimulates DRG

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8
Q

what is the role of the medulla oblongata in respiration

A

phasic discharge of action potential

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9
Q

what are the 2 main groups of the medulla oblongata

A

dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group

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10
Q

what is the general structure of the DRG and VRG

A

bilateral

project into bulbo-spinal motor neuronpools and interconnect

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11
Q

when is the DRG predominantely active

A

inspiration

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12
Q

what does DRG stand for

A

dorsal respiratory group

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13
Q

what is the DRG

A

group of inspiratory neurons in the medulla that stimulate diaphragm and external intercostals and send signals to VRG

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14
Q

what does VRG stand for

A

ventral respiratory group

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15
Q

when is the VRG active

A

inspiration (forced) and expiration

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16
Q

what does the VRG do

A

stimulates accessory muscles of ventilation and inhibits apneustic centre

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17
Q

what does the central pattern generator do

A

starts stops and rests background ventilatory drive

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18
Q

is inspiration active or passive

A

active

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19
Q

is expiration active or passive

A

mainly passive, with elastic recoil of thoracic wall

1st part involves active slowing with some inspiratory muscle activity

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20
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

proportional to PaCO2

Inversly proportional to oxygen i.e.e 1/PaO2

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21
Q

what is the value of minute ventilation

A

approx. 5l

22
Q

what do chemoreceptors sense

A

PaCO2

23
Q

what is the primary influence on brainstem chemoreceptors

A

PaCO2

24
Q

what influences carotid and aorta chemoreceptors

A

PaCO2, PaO2, pH

25
Q

where are central chemoreceptors found

A

in brainstem at pontomedullary junction - not DRG/VRG complex

26
Q

what do central chemoreceptors detect

A

H+ in CSF; present through dissociation of CO2 which diffuses through BBB

27
Q

what do central chemoreceptors do

A

provide excitatory synaptic input to the medullar inspiratory neurons

28
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptors detect

A

O2, CO2, H+

29
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors found

A

bifurcation of CC arteries and arch of aorta

30
Q

are peripheral chemoreceptors the same as arterial baroreceptors

A

no - close but distinc

31
Q

where are carotid bodies found

A

common carotid arteries

32
Q

what are carotid bodies

A

main peripheral chemoreceptors involved in control of respiration

33
Q

what nerves are peripheral chemoreceptors linked to

A

CN 9 and 10 - send afferent fibres to higher brain centres

34
Q

what cells are present in peripheral chemoreceptors

A

specialised receptor cells that are mainly stimulated by a decrease in arterial pO2 and increase in arterial [H+]

35
Q

what does hypoxia do with peripheral chemoreceptors

A

type 1 cells release stored neurotransmitter that stimulates the carotid sinus neve and sends excitatory synaptic input to medullary inspiratory neurons

36
Q

what are the types of pulmonary receptors

A

slowly adapting stretch receptors
rapidly adapting stretch receptors
irritant receptors
c-fibres J receptors (juxtapulmonary receptors)

37
Q

describe the properties of slowly adapting stretch receptors

A

myelinated

maintain a persistent or slowly decaying receptor potential during constant stimulus

38
Q

where are slowly adapting stretch receptors found

A

airway smooth muscle

39
Q

what activates slowly adapting stretch receptors

A

lung distention

40
Q

what is the Hering-Breuer reflex

A

reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation if lung - uses slowly adapting stretch receptors in airway smooth muscle

41
Q

what is the effect of activation of slowly adapting stretch receptors

A

high activity inhibits further inspiration this beginning expiration

42
Q

describe rapidly adapting stretch receptors

A

myelinated

generate a receptor potential and action potential at the onset of a stimulus - very quickly cease responding

43
Q

where are rapidly adapting stretch receptors found

A

between airway epithelial cells

44
Q

what activates rapidly adapting stretch receptors

A

lung distention and irritants - respond to rate of change in volume and irritants

45
Q

what do rapidly adapting stretch receptors do

A

produce brief burst of activity - high activity causes bronchoconstriction
- may be involved in cough reflex

46
Q

where are irritant receptors found

A

larger conducting airways

47
Q

what are the properties of irritant receptors

A

rapidly adapting - cough, gasp

48
Q

describe c-fibres j receptors (juxtapulmonary receptors)

A

non-myelinated

49
Q

where are c-fibres J receptors (juxtapulmonary receptors) found

A

capillary walls or interstitium

50
Q

what activates c-fibres j receptors

A

increase in interstitial pressure (e.g. collection of fluid), irritants, lung volume, noxious agents

51
Q

what is the effect of c-fibre j receptor activation

A

rapid shallow breathing, bronchoconstriction, cardiovascular depression and dry cough

Respiratory (11 decks)

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