Upper Alimentary Canal Flashcards by Lauren Stinson

the mouth is also known as the

oral or buccal cavity

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the mouth is bounded by

the cheeks, lips, palate, and tongue

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the mouth is the only location for

ingestion

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digestion begins in the

mouth

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tongue initiates

swallowing

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the cheeks form

the lateral walls of the mouth

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the cheeks consist of

skin, subcutaneous fate, muscles, and an inner lining of stratified squamous epithelium

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the lips (labia) are

highly sensative, highly mobile fleshly folds that surround the opening to the oral cavity

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inner surface of each lip is attached to gum by

labial frenulum

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vestibule is present between

cheeks/lips and gums/teeth

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the tongue consists of

skeletal muscle and stratified squamous epithelium, which contains mucous glands

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the tongue is attached to the floor of mouth by

lingual frenulum

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upper and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered with

numerous papillae

gives it rough texture

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many papillae contain

taste buds

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flood or mouth and undersurface of tongue are

richly supplied with blood vessels

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soluble drugs get absorbed

very quickly

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the palate separates

the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

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anterior portion of palate is

hard (bony) palate

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posterior portion of palate is

soft palate primarily of skeletal muscle

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behind soft palate is

uvula which closes nasopharynx during swallowing

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on either side of the uvula is

a paire of palatine tonsils

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teeth

are the primary structures of mechanical digestion

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adults have _____ permanent teeth

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____ chisel like incisors for _______

8 for biting

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___ pointed canines for _____

4 for tearing

___ broad pre-molars (bicsupids)

___ broad molars for ______

12 for crushing/grinding

the first set of 20 deciduous teeth erupt through gums between

six months and 2 years of age and get replaced between 6 and 17

each tooth is embedded in

a bony alveolus in the mandible or one of the maxillae

each alveolus is lined with

a periodontal ligament that anchors tooth in place

alveolar processes are covered by

gingivae (gums)

each tooth consists of a

crown above gum level one to three roots embedded in the alveolar bone a narrow neck where the crown and the root meet the gum

teeth consists mainly of

calcified connective tissue called dentin

dentin in crown and neck is covered by

enamel

enamel is

hardest substance in body (non-cellular secretion) are protects against wear and tear of chewing

dentin in root is covered by

bone-like cementum

each tooth has a central pulp cavity inside its

crown

each tooth has a root canal within each

root

pulp contains

blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

blood vessels, lymphatic vessles, and nerves enter root canal through

apical foramen

a salivary gland is

any cell or organ that releases saliva into the oral cavity

intrinsic salivary glands can be found in

tongue, on inside of lips, on inside of cheeks which secrete relatively small amounts of saliva at a constant rate

extrinsic salivary glands are located

beyond oral mucosa and empty saliva into ducts

the are _____ pairs of extrinsic salivary glands

parotid glands are located

near ears, open into oral cavity by way of ducts near upper molars

submandibular glands are located

along the mandible; open into oral cavity via ducts near incisors

sublingual glands are located

in floor of mouth; open into oral cavity by way of ducts below tongue

extrinsic salivary glands secrete between

1.0 and 1.5 liters of saliva each day

salivation is controlled by

autonomic nervous system

parasymphathetic signals respond to

sight or aroma or taste of food and stimulates salivary glands to produce thin saliva rich in digestive enzymes

sympathetic signals respond to

stress and stimulate salivary glands to produce thick saliva with more mucus which makes mouth feel dry and sticky

saliva is mostly and does....

water and solutes and it moistens the mouth, digests some starch and lipids, cleanses teeth, inhibits bacterial growth, dissolves chemicals so they can stimulate the taste buds, and binds food particles together

salivary amylase and lingual lipase are

digestive enzymes present in saliva

salivary amylase digests

starch at neutral pH

lingual lipase digests

fats after it gets activated by stomach acids

lysozyme kills

bacteria (enzyme)

immunoglobin A inhibits

bacterial growth

mucus binds

food particles together and aids in swallowing

elctrolytes buffer

acidic foods that we ingest

ingesting food into the mouth triggers

an involunatary chewing response

tongue and other muscles manipulate

food and push it between teeth

masseter and temporalis muscles activate

jaws to start mastication

mastication

grinds food into pieces and mixes it with saliva to form a soft, flexible bolus which inititiates swallowing

some chemical digestion is initiated in ______, but

mouth, but very little absorption occurs

salivary amylase breaks

starch into maltose (disaccharide)

lingual lipase will eventually break

triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides, after it has been activated in stomach

the pharynx is

a funnel shaped tube extending from the internal nares to the esophagus

the pharynx is composed of

skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membranes

swallowing (deglutination) is

a mechanism that moves food from the mouth to the stomach

swallowing is coordinated by

a swallowing center in the medulla oblongata and pons, which requires 22 separate muscle groups to work together

during voluntary buccal phase, tongue

pushes bolus of food into oropharynx

bolus of food in oropharynx triggers

involuntary pharyngeal phase

during pharyngeal phase

soft palate and uvula close off nasopharynx and epiglottis closes off the glottis so bolus of food can only enter esophagus

the esophagus is

a muscular, collapsable tube that lies posterior to the trachea

mucosa in esophagus contains

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium to protect esophagus from abrasion caused by swallowing food particles

submucosa of esophagus contains

esophageal glands that secrete lubricating mucus

superior end of muscularis is

skeletal muscles

inferior end of muscularis is

smooth muscle

__________ attaches esophagus to surrounding structures of connective tissue

adventitia

a bolus of food enters the esophagus through the

upper esophageal sphincter

during esophageal phase of swallowing

peristalsis pushes bolus of food through esophagus toward stomach

belching is created by

relaxing upper esophageal sphincter

the bolus of food enters the stomach through the

lower esophageal sphincter

if the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close,

stomach contects can enter lower esophagus

acidity of gastric secretions in lower esophagus may

irritate the wall of esophagus and cause heartburn