Disorders of the Respiratory System

Question 1

hypoxia

Answer 1

a deficiency of oxygen in tissues, often a consequence of respiratory disorders

Question 2

hypoxemic hypoxia

Answer 2

describes low pO2 in arterial blood due to high alitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs, carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 3

ischemic hypoxia

Answer 3

due to decreased blood circulation

Question 4

anemic hypoxia

Answer 4

occurs if blood cannot carry enough oxygen because of anemia, hemorrhage, insufficient hemoglobin

Question 5

histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 5

occurs when tissues cant use oxygen because a toxin agent is present

Question 6

principal symptom of hypoxia

Answer 6

cyanosis, which produces blue skin

Question 7

breathing pure oxygen for an extended period of time leads to

Answer 7

oxygen toxicity

Question 8

oxygen toxicity generates

Answer 8

free radicals that can cause problems with central nervous system which could produce coma or even death

Question 9

scuba divers

Answer 9

must balance a mixutre of oxygen and nitrogen to avoid this problem

Question 10

Chronic Obsructive Pulmonary Disease

Answer 10

any disorder that is characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction of air flow that causes a significant reduction in ventiliation

Question 11

COPD causes

Answer 11

smoking, exposure to second had smoke, air pollution, occupational exposure to airborn irratants, or allergens

Question 12

COPD symptoms

Answer 12

include coughing, frequent respiratory infections, and hypoventilation

Question 13

“pink puffers”

Answer 13

tend to be very thin and exhibit normal blood gases

Question 14

“blue bloaters”

Answer 14

tend to be stocky and exhibit cyanosis because of hypoxia

Question 15

routin treatment for COPD

Answer 15

with bronchodilators and aerosol corticosteroids that are inhaled

Question 16

chronic bronchitis

Answer 16

inflammation of the bronchi which is usually caused by smoking

Question 17

effects of chronic bronchitis

Answer 17

• goblet cells become enlarged and produce excess mucus
• cilia are immoblized and reduce in number
• alveolar macrophages incapacitated by cigarette smoke

Question 18

in chronic bronchitis the sputum

Answer 18

provides a growht medium for bacteria which leads to chronic infection

Question 19

emphysema

Answer 19

involves the permanent enlargement of alveoli due to long term exposure to airborne irritants, especially tabacco smoke

Question 20

in emphysema the alveolar walls

Answer 20

break down and lose elasticity

Question 21

in emphysema the alveoli

Answer 21

remain inflated during expiration and obstruct out-flowof air

Question 22

in emphysema the damage to pulmonary capillaries

Answer 22

causes enlargement of the right ventricle

Question 23

in emphysema ventilation

Answer 23

becomes inceasingly difficult and a “barrel-chest” develops

Question 24

asthma

Answer 24

an immune response triggered by allergens (allergic asthma) or by infection, drugs, exercise, or cold, dry air (non-allergic asthma)

Question 25

astma demographics

Answer 25

most common chronic illnes of children, especiallly by young boys with 50% of cases developing before age 10

Question 26

asthma is characterized by

Answer 26

chronic airway inflammation and airway obstruction

Question 27

in asthma muscle spasms

Answer 27

trigger bronchoconstriction (in tertiary bronchi and bronchioles)

Question 28

in asthma excess mucus secretion

Answer 28

clogs bronchioles and can lead to suffocation

Question 29

asthma treatment

Answer 29

involves inhaling epinephrine to relax bronchioles and open airway and cotcosteroids to reduce inflammation

Question 30

pneumonia

Answer 30

an acute infection of alveoli caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi

Question 31

in pneumonia alveoli

Answer 31

fill with fluid and dead leukocytes, reduces ventilation and gas exchange

Question 32

pneumonia demographics

Answer 32

especially dangerous to infants, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems

Question 33

tuberculosis

Answer 33

an infection transmitted by inhalation

Question 34

in tuberculosis lung tissue

Answer 34

is destroyed and replaced with fibrous connective tissue; reduces elastic recoil and ventilation

Question 35

recent resurgence of TB

Answer 35

correlates with a risk in HIV infection and the development of antibiotic resistant strains of the bacteria

Question 36

lung cancer develops

Answer 36

primarily from cigarette smoke, although long-term exposure to airborne irritants, including secondhand smoke, is responsible for about 15% of all cases

Question 37

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 37

develops in bronchial epithelium and spreads to the bronchial walls where bleeding lesions occur

Question 38

adenocarcinoma

Answer 38

develops in bronchial glands and alveolar cells

Question 39

smal cell carcinoma

Answer 39

originates in the the primary bronchi, but invades the mediastinum and quickly mestasisizes to other organs

Question 40

cystic fibrosis

Answer 40

a genetic disease that reduces the body's ability to transport chloride ions across the plasma membrane of epithelial cells

Question 41

5% of the population carries

Answer 41

a detective gene that still allows these cells to make chloride pumps, but the pumps dont get installed correctly in the plasma membrane -cystic fibrosis

Question 42

cystic fibrosis is characterized by

Answer 42

salty sweat

Question 43

in cystic fibrosis cells in the respiratory passageways produce

Answer 43

heavy mucus secretions that clog cilia in the airways and make breathing difficult

Question 44

in cystic fibrosis the leading cause of death is

Answer 44

lung disease that develops by age 30

Question 45

high altitude sickness

Answer 45

occurs when the altitude increases, because air pressure and pO2 decreases

Question 46

in high altitude sickness less oxygen reaches blood and causes

Answer 46

shortness of breath, severe headache, fatigue, nausea, dizziness

Question 47

nitrogen narcosis

Answer 47

affects underwater workers who breathe air under high pressure

Question 48

pressurized air tanks create

Answer 48

positive intrapulmonary pressure that allows a person to inspire with minimal thoracic activity

Question 49

pressurized air allows nitrogen gas to

Answer 49

dissolve easily in blood, in adipose tissue, in myelin of brain

Question 50

pressurized air causes

Answer 50

giddiness and disorientation

Question 51

decompression sickness

Answer 51

deep water divers who surface too quickly can suffer from this

Question 52

in decompression sickness nitrogen

Answer 52

rapidly leaves body fluids and produces dangerous gas bubbles in joints, bones, muscles, and pulmonary capillaries

Question 53

decompression sickness can cause

Answer 53

pain, dyspnea or loss of conciousness