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314 Exam 3 > Anatomy of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiration refers to

A

gas exchange from the atmosphere to the blood to the cells

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2
Q

ventilation describes

A

the mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

inspiration

A

breathing air into the lungs

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4
Q

expiration

A

breathing air out of the lungs

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5
Q

gas exchange describes

A

the movement of gases across membranes

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6
Q

alveolar gas exchange is

A

gas exchange between the lungs and blood

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7
Q

systemic gas exchange

A

gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells

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8
Q

the upper respiratory system consists of

A

the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea

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9
Q

all the components of the upper respiratory system are located

A

outside of the thorax

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10
Q

the lower respiratory tract contains

A

the bronchial tree and lungs, which are located almost entirely within the thorax

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11
Q

conductive zone consists of

A

passageways that warm, humidify, cleanse incoming air before it reaches respiratory zone

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12
Q

respiratory zone is

A

the actual site of gas exchange

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13
Q

the external portion of the nose consists of

A

bone and cartilage covered with muscle, dense connective tissue, and skin

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14
Q

two external nares are

A

openings that allow air to enter the nose

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15
Q

the nasal cavity is a

A

hollow space extending into the facial bones of the skull

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16
Q

vestibule

A

anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils

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17
Q

the vestibule is lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium and stiff vibrissae

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18
Q

nasal septum

A

a vertical partition that divides cavity into left and right cavities

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19
Q

nasal cavity is separated from the mouth by

A

the palate

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20
Q

nasal conchae curl out from ______ to ______

A

each lateral wall

to increase surface area of cavity

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21
Q

turbinate bones are covered in

A

mucous membranes

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22
Q

two internal nares

A

openings that link the nasal cavity with the pharynx

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23
Q

the internal structures of the nose are specialized for

A

3 particular functions

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24
Q

incoming air to the nose is

A

warmed and moistened and filtered of dust particles

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25
how the air is warmed
large blood vessels in epithelium warm and moisten air
26
how the nose traps particles
ciliated psuedostratified mucosa contains glands that secrete up to one liter of mucus daily to trap inhaled particles and drive them toward pharynx
27
the nose detects
odors
28
how the nose detects odors
by olfactory receptors in olfactory mucosa
29
the nose modifies
speech sounds
30
how the nose modifies speech sounds
a large, hollow resonating chambers
31
causes of a nosebleed
trauma to the lower nasal septum from a sharp blow or from "picking" one's nose could cause a nosebleed
32
spontaneous bleeding from capillaries in nasal epithelium may indicate
hypertension
33
the pharynx is
a muscular "funnel" extending from the internal nares to the larynx
34
the nasopharynx is the
uppermost portion and it contains the pharyngeal tonsil
35
two openings in the nasopharynx lead to the
auditory (Eustachian) tubes that connect to middle ears
36
nasopharynx is lined with
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and/or stratified squamous epithelium to trap dust-laden mucus
37
the oropharynx is the
middle portion and it contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
38
the oropharynx serves as a
common pathway from air, food, and drink
39
the oropharynx is lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
40
the laryngopharynx
links the esophagus with the larynx
41
the larynx
is a boxlike structure comprised of nine pieces of cartilage
42
the anterior wall of the larynx is made of
thyroid cartilage | -usually larger in males than females due to influence of testosterone
43
epiglottis is
a cartilaginous flap that closes the glottis during swallowing to prevent foods and liquids from entering larynx
44
cricoid cartilage is
a ring of cartilage that attaches the larynx to the trachea
45
cartilages that function in speech production
paired arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages
46
fibrous ligaments
bind the cartilage of the larynx together and to adjacent structures
47
extrinsic ligaments
link thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage to trachea
48
intrinsic ligaments
hold laryngeal cartilages together
49
two pairs of prominent folds are visible in the
mucous membrane of the larynx
50
superior folds are
false vocal cords and they close glottis during swallowing
51
inferior folds are
true vocal cords and they produce sound as air rushes past them
52
intrinsic muscles
operate the true vocal cords by pulling on the aryteniod cartilages and corniculate cartilages
53
what causes the vocal cords to vibrate
air being forced between the vocal cords
54
taut vocal cords produce
high pitch sounds
55
relaxed vocal cords produce
lower pitch sounds
56
vocal cords are usually thicker and longer in
males than females
57
sounds that are produced by the vocal cords
get converted into speech by actions of pharynx, mouth, tongue, lips, and nasal cavity
58
inflamed vocal cords are caused by
infection, very dry air, overuse, vocal folds swell and cause hoarseness (loss of voice)
59
the trachea is
a rigid tube that carries air from the larynx to the lungs
60
C-shaped cartilage rings in trachea prevent
its collapse during inhalation or swallowing
61
the inner wall of the trachea is lined with
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
62
mucus trapped particles in the inner wall of the trachea are
moved up to the pharynx by a "mucocilliary escalator"
63
any obstruction of the trachea
must be cleared quickly in order to preserve airflow
64
during a tracheostomy
an incision is made in the trachea below the cricoid cartilage to create emergency air passageway
65
during intubation
a tube is inserted into the mouth or nose and passed through larynx and trachea to open obstruction
66
the trachea divides into
primary bronchi that enter into the lungs
67
right primary bronchus is
shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left primary bronchus
68
both primary bronchi are
supported by C-shaped cartilage rings
69
each primary bronchus
branches into smaller secondary (lobar) bronchi
70
each secondary bronchus
divides into tertiary (segmental) bronchi, which supply a different bronchopulmonary segment of the lung
71
each tertiary bronchus
divide into bronchioles
72
bronchioles are completely surrounded by
smooth muscle innervated by autonomic system to regulate diameter of bronchiole
73
bronchioles branch repeatedly to form
terminal bronchioles
74
each terminal bronchiole subdivides into
microscopic respiratory bronchioles
75
each respiratory bronchiole divides into
several alveolar ducts
76
The lungs are
large, conical, spongy organs located in the thoracic cavity
77
the concave base of the lungs rests on
the diaphragm, apex projects superior to clavicle, costal surface lies against ribs
78
the hilum
is the entrance for primary bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,and nerves
79
each lung is covered by a
pleura,which consists of two layers of serous membrane
80
outer parietal pleura is attached to
the wall of the thoracic cavity
81
inner visceral pleura covers the
surface of each lung
82
pleural cavity
between the pleurae is filled with fluid serous fluid to reduce friction during breathing
83
pleurisy describes
inflammation of the pleurae caused by cancer, pneumonia, tuberculosis
84
pleurisy increases
friction and causes "stabbing pain" and shortness of breath
85
each lung is divided into
lobes by one or more fissures
86
right lungs consists of
3 lobes and is larger than the left lung which only consists of 2 lobes because of cardiac notch
87
each pulmonary lobe
receives its own secondary (lobar) bronchus
88
a bronchopulmonary segment consists of
lobules enclosed in elastic connective tissue
89
each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied with
a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a terminal bronchiole
90
alveolar sacs consist of
clusters of grape-like alveoli
91
each lung contains approx _______ alveoli creates________
150 million alveoli | creates 70 square meters of surface for gas exchange
92
type 1 alveolar cells are
thin-walled simple squamous cells that permit rapid gas exchange
93
type 2 alveolar cells produce
the lipoprotein surfactant; lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid to prevent collapse of alveoli during expiration
94
alveolar macrophages are
wandering phagocytes that remove dust and debris
95
the respiratory membrane is
a very thin barrier separating the alveoli from the blood capillaries across which gas exchange between the lungs and blood occurs

314 Exam 3 (9 decks)

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