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314 Exam 3 > The Intestines > Flashcards

The Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

the small intestine is

A

2 to 3 meters in length, averages 2.5 centimeters in diameter, and extends from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine

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2
Q

duodenum is

A

the shortest segment

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3
Q

jejunum is

A

middle segment

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4
Q

ileum is

A

longest segment, joins large intestine at ileocecal sphincter

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5
Q

circular folds are

A

ridges in intestinal mucosa from the duodenum to the ileum

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6
Q

circular folds purpose

A

increase surface area of small intestine and cause chyme to move in a spiral path along small intestine to enhance absorption of nutrients

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7
Q

the intestinal mucosa also forms

A

a series of finger like projections called villi

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8
Q

villi are covered with

A

mucus-secreting goblet cells and columnar absorptive cells ; increase surface area for digestion and absorption of nutrients

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9
Q

each villus has

A

a core of lamina propria that contains an arteriole, a capillary network, a venule, and a lymphatic lacteal that absorbs fat

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10
Q

each absorptive cell is covered with

A

microvilli to form a brush border near the lumen of small intestine

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11
Q

one of the enzymes released by the brush border

A

activates pancreatic enzymes

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12
Q

other enzymes released by the brush border are involved in

A

contact digestion which requires thorough mixing of chyme

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13
Q

the intestinal mucosa also contains deep crevices lined with

A

grandular epithelium

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14
Q

intestinal crypts (of Lieberkuhn)

A

similar to gastric glands
secrete intestinal juice
watery mixutre containing lots of mucous

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15
Q

paneth cells

A

secrete bactercital enzyme lysozyme

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16
Q

enterendocrine cells

A

secrete hormones secretin and cholecystokinan

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17
Q

lamina propria contains

A

lymphatic Peyer’s patches which are abundant in the ileum because they prevent bacteria from entering the blood along with absorbed nutrients

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18
Q

the submucosa of the duodenum contains

A

duodenal (Brunners) glands which secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid in the chyme

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19
Q

contractions mix

A

chyme, bile and juice

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20
Q

contractions churn chyme to

A

facilitate contact digestion

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21
Q

contractions move intestinal residue

A

towards large intestine

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22
Q

segmentations are

A

localized contractions that mix chyme with digestive secretions in order to enhance contact digestive and nutrient absorption

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23
Q

the migrating motor complex

A

a type of perstalsis that begins in the duodenum in order to push chyme forward through small intestine

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24
Q

where does the most absorption occur

A

small intestine

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25
digestion of 200 to 600 of carbs daily begins
in mouth and completed in small intestine
26
salivary amylase gets
denatured by acidity of gastric juices so any starch not digested gets broken down by pancreatic amylase
27
contact digestion finishes digestion of
starch
28
maltase
a brush border enzyme that splits maltose into glucose
29
sucrase
a brush border enzyme that splits sucrose into glucose and fructose
30
lactase
a brush border enzyme that splits lactose into glucose and galactose
31
carbohydrates are absorbed as
monosaccharides
32
glucose and galactose are
actively transported into intestinal epithelium by a sodium glucose transport protein
33
fructose is absorbed into
intestinal epithelium by facilitated diffusion and gets converted into glucose
34
monosacchardies enter into the blood capillaries of a villus by
faciliated diffusion
35
trypsin and chymotyrpsin
breaks proteins into smaller peptides
36
carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase
take small peptides apart one amino acid at a time
37
amino acid absorption
absorped by sodium dependent active transport molecules and transported to liver by hepatic portal system
38
pancreatic lipase
works on fat globules that have been emulcified by bile salts and splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
39
fatty acids and monoglycerides are coated with
bile acids to form micelles which then release these components so they can diffuse into absorptive cells
40
absorptive cells
resynthesize triglycerides and combine them with cholesterol and protein to form chylomicrons which enter lacteal and get transported to blood by lymphatic system
41
Dna and rna split into
deoxynucleotides and ribonucleotides which are then broken down and transported across intestinal epithelium by carrier proteins to enter blood
42
vitamins are absorbed
without change
43
fat soluble vitamins
are absorbed along with other lipids using micelles
44
vitamin supplements containing D E K A must
be ingested with food containing fat
45
water soluble vitamins are absorbed by
simple diffusion
46
vitamin b12 must combine with
intrinsic factor to be absorbed
47
electrolytes are absorbed
along the entire length of small intestine
48
sodium ions
actively transported with monsaccharides and amino acids
49
chloride ions
exchange for bicarbonate ions and actively transported in ileum
50
potassium ions
absorbed by simple diffusion
51
iron ions and calcium ions
absorbed in accordance with bodys needs
52
large intestine is
1.5 meters in length. 6.5 cm in diameter and extends from ileum to anus
53
ileocecal sphincter allows
materials to pass from ileum into large intestine
54
cecum
a blind pouch that hangs below the ileocecal sphincter
55
appendix
twisted and coiled appendix attached to cecum filled with lymphocytes
56
colon
divided into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid regions
57
rectum
a vertical extension of sigmoid colon and it contains three rectal valves that allow a person to pass gas without releasing feces
58
terminal end of the rectum
is the anal canal which lies in the periotneum completely outside of the abdominopelvic cavity
59
mucous membrane of the anal canal
arranged in longitudinal folds called anal columns that contain arteries and veins
60
fecal matter
travels through the anal canal causes extra mucus to be released to lubricate anal canal
61
anus
controlled by internal anal sphincter (smooth involuntary muscle) and external anal sphincter (skeletal voluntary muscle)
62
the intestinal mucosa consists of
simple columnar epithelium without villi or circular folds
63
absorptive cells
absorb water and goblet cells secrete mucus to lubricate colon
64
chyme passage
chyme is passed from the ileum thru the ileocecal sphincter into the cecum by the gastroileal reflex which is triggered by the presence of food in the stomach
65
the gastroileal reflex enhances
segmentation movements in ilium and reflexes ileocecal sphincter
66
chemical digestion occurs mainly thru
bacterial action not enzyme action
67
bacteria ferment
any remaining carbs and produce flatus
68
flatus
mostly swallowed air but also contains other gases which are nitrogen and co2 hydrogen methane hydrgen sulfide unpleasant odor
69
bacteria cleave
any remaining proteins into amino acids and break them down
70
bacteria decompose
bilirubin into pigments that give feces color
71
bacteria aid
in extracting some b vitamins and vitamins k which is needed for synthesizing some clotting factors
72
the large intestine absorbs
water, minerals, vitamins, and leaves behind solid or semi solid mass of feces
73
feces consists of
75 water, 25% solid matter of which one third is bacteria, one third is undigested fiber, and one third is inorganic salts and dead cells
74
distension of the rectum
initiates a defecation reflex to empty rectum
75
stretch receptors in wall of rectum
send signals to sacral spinal cord
76
motor signals travel
along parasympathetic fibers to descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus to increase peristalsis and relax internal anal sphincter
77
voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter
is coupled with voluntary contractions of diaphragm and abdominal muscles allows feces to be expelled from body
78
diarrhea
frequent defecation of mostly liquid feces because chyme thru small intestine too quickly for sufficient absorption of water to occur
79
chronic diarrhea
can be caused by stress or microbial irritation of gi mucosa and it can produce dehydration and or electrolyte imbalances
80
constipation
infrequent or difficult defecation because feces remain in the colon for too long and too much water gets absorbed
81
causes of constipation
improper bowel habits, insufficient bulk in ones diet, lack of exercise and stress

314 Exam 3 (9 decks)

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