Accessory Structures of the Digestive System

Question 1

the liver is

Answer 1

the heaviest gland in the body with a mass of about 1.4 kilograms

Question 2

the liver is located

Answer 2

in upper right quadrant of abdominal cavity beneath diaphragm

Question 3

the liver is covered by

Answer 3

peritoneum and dense irregular connective tissue

Question 4

the liver is divided into

Answer 4

large right lobe and smaller left lobe by falciform ligament

Question 5

______ lobe is subdivided into 2 smaller lobes

Answer 5

right lobe

Question 6

liber lobes are composed of

Answer 6

hexagonal functional units called lobules

Question 7

hepatocytes are arranged

Answer 7

radially around a central vein and they produce bile

Question 8

__________ surround hepatocytes

Answer 8

wide, thin-walled blood sinusoids

Question 9

sinusoids contain

Answer 9

hepatic macrophages (kupffer’s cells) that remove worn-out blood cells, bacteria, toxic substances from blood

Question 10

sinusoids receive blood from

Answer 10

hepatic (portal) triad

Question 11

branch of hepatic artery supplies

Answer 11

Oxygen rich blood

Question 12

branch of hepatic portal vein supplies

Answer 12

nutrient rich blood from GI tract

Question 13

bile ductule collects

Answer 13

bile

Question 14

blood from stomach and small intestine can be

Answer 14

filtered by the sinusoids

Question 15

bile (digestive substance) is secreted into

Answer 15

bile canaliculi

Question 16

bile canaliculi empty into

Answer 16

bile ductules

Question 17

bile ductules merge to form

Answer 17

right and left hepatic ducts

Question 18

hepatic ducts unite and

Answer 18

exit the liver as the common hepatic duct

Question 19

bile is

Answer 19

a mixure of water, bile acids, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, and bile pigments (yellow, brown, olive green)

Question 20

bile salts play an important role in

Answer 20

the emulsification and absorption of fats

Question 21

principal bile pigment is

Answer 21

bilirubin which is derived from breakdown of hemoglobin; gives fecal matter color

Question 22

other components of bile become

Answer 22

wastes that get eliminated in feces

Question 23

the liver carries out numeous

Answer 23

functions

Question 24

the liver controls carb, lipid, and protein

Answer 24

metabolism

Question 25

liver removes

Answer 25

drugs and hormones from blood

Question 26

liver synthesizes

Answer 26

biles

Question 27

liver excretes

Answer 27

bilirubin

Question 28

liver stores

Answer 28

glycogen, vitamins, and minerals

Question 29

liver phagocytosizes

Answer 29

worn out blood cells

Question 30

the gallbladder is

Answer 30

a small, pear-shaped sac attached to the ventral surface of the liver

Question 31

the cystic duct from the gallbladder joins

Answer 31

with the common hepatic duct from the liver to form the common bile duct

Question 32

the gallbladder

Answer 32

STORES and concentrates biles

Question 33

bile travels through hepatopancreatic ampulla into

Answer 33

small intestine

Question 34

between meals, hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi) remains

Answer 34

closed so bile accumulates in gallbladder

Question 35

the pancreas is

Answer 35

an oblong, spongy gland located posterior and inferoir to the stomach

Question 36

pancreatic secretions are collected by

Answer 36

small ducts that empty into the pancreatic duct which usually joins the common bils duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 37

smaller accessory pancreatic ducts opens

Answer 37

independently into small intestine

Question 38

the pancreas is made up of

Answer 38

clusters of cells

Question 39

pancreatic islets (of Langerhans) form

Answer 39

endocrine portion of pancreas and they secrete the hormones glucagon and insulin

Question 40

acini form the

Answer 40

exocrine portion of the pancreas and they secrete between 1200 and 1500 mL of pancreatic juice per day

Question 41

pancreatic juice is a

Answer 41

alkaline mixutre of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and a variety of digestive enzymes, many of which are released in an inactive form

Question 42

epithelial cells release

Answer 42

bicarbonate ions to neutralize hydrochloric acid produced by stomach

Question 43

pancreatic amylase splits

Answer 43

starch molecules into moleculesof dissacharide maltose

Question 44

pancreatic lipase splits

Answer 44

emulsified fats into fatty acids and monglycerides

Question 45

nucleases convert

Answer 45

DNA and RNA molecules into nucleotide monomers

Question 46

trypsinogen is converted

Answer 46

into trypsin to split proteins into smaller peptides

Question 47

chrmotrypsingen is converted into

Answer 47

chymotrypsin to split proteins into smaller particles

Question 48

procarboxypeptidase is converted into

Answer 48

carboxypeptidase to break peptides into individual amino acids

Question 49

the secretion of pancreatic juice is regulated by

Answer 49

nervous and hormonal mechanisms

Question 50

parasympathetic impulses stimulate the pancreas to

Answer 50

secrete pancreatic juice

Question 51

acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates the

Answer 51

intestinal mucosa to release secretin, which triggers the release of pancreatic juice that is rich in bicarbonate ions

Question 52

secretin

Answer 52

neutralizes acidity of chyme

Question 53

fatty chume in the duodenum stimulates the

Answer 53

intestinal mucosa to release cholecystokinin (CCK) which causes the galbladder to release bile, stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, and relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter