The Stomach

Question 1

the stomach is

Answer 1

a hollow, J shaped portion of the alimentary canal and it is located beneath the diaphragm

Question 2

the cardia is

Answer 2

a small area of the stomach near the lower esophageal sphincter

Question 3

the fundus is

Answer 3

the dome shaped region of the stomach superior to the cardia

Question 4

the main part of the stomach is the

Answer 4

body

Question 5

epmty volume of stomach is about

Answer 5

50 mL but it can hold between 1.0 and 1.5 L of material after a typical meal; max cap is almost 4.0 L

Question 6

the pyloric region is

Answer 6

a narrow region below the body of the stomach and it is sub-divided into the antrum and the pyloric canal

Question 7

stomach is separated from small intestine by

Answer 7

powerful pyloric sphincter

Question 8

+ogen suffix means

Answer 8

substance is inactive

Question 9

the gastric mucosa is composed of

Answer 9

simple columnar epithelium, which contains many globlet cells that produce a surface layer of alkaline mucus above a layer of bicarbonate-rich fluid

Question 10

gastric mucosa contains

Answer 10

many deep gastric pits, which lead into tubular gastric flands, which secrete gastric juice

Question 11

mucous surface cells and mucous neck cells secrete

Answer 11

thin, soluble mucus

Question 12

parietal cells secrete

Answer 12

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Question 13

chief cells secrete

Answer 13

pepsinogen and small amounts of gastric lipase

Question 14

enteroendocrine (G) cells secrete

Answer 14

hormones and paracrines (local hormones)

Question 15

the gastric submucosa is composed of

Answer 15

areolar connective tissue and combines with the mucosa to form longitundinal gastric rugae when the stomach is empty

Question 16

the gastric muscularis has ____ layers of smooth muscle rather than _____

Answer 16

has 3 layers instead of 2

Question 17

the third layer of the gastric muscularis is

Answer 17

oblique which allows stomach to mix, churn, and propel food through GI tract

Question 18

the gastric serosa is part of

Answer 18

the visceral peritoneum and it helps form the omenta

Question 19

within minutes after food enter the stomach,

Answer 19

peristaltic movements begin to churn the food and mix it with gastric juice to form chyme

Question 20

gastric juice contains

Answer 20

hydrochloric acid, which gives it a pH as low as 0.8

Question 21

hydrochloric acid is formed during

Answer 21

a chloride shift that exchanges bicarbonate ions that are formed in parietal cells for chloride ions that present in blood plasma

Question 22

hydochloric acid accumulates in

Answer 22

stomach while bicarbonate ions accumulate in blood

Question 23

hydrochloric acid kills

Answer 23

microbes in food

Question 24

hydrochloric acid breaks down

Answer 24

collagen fibers in meat and plant cell walls

Question 25

hydrochloric acid removes

Answer 25

amino acids from pepsinogen to convert it into pepsin

Question 26

pepsin breaks

Answer 26

complex dietary proteins into shorter peptide chains

Question 27

pepsin catalyzes the converstion of

Answer 27

pepsinogen into more pepsin?????????????????

Question 28

gastric lipase from chief cells combines with

Answer 28

salivary amylase to break down a small amount of dietary fat

Question 29

intrinsic factor from parietal cells is needed by

Answer 29

the small intestine to absorb vitman B12 | ***intrinsic factor is not a digestive substance because its an absorption substance

Question 30

vitamin B12 is needed to make

Answer 30

hemoglobin; lack of intrinsic factor can lead to development of pernicious anemia

Question 31

the wall of the stomach is impermeable to

Answer 31

most materials so absorption is limited

Question 32

things that are absorbed through stomach

Answer 32

alcohol, aspirin, and some lipid-soluble drugs

Question 33

gastric function is regulated by

Answer 33

neural and hormonal mechanisms

Question 34

neural mechanisms involve

Answer 34

parasympathetic actions of vagus nerve, as well as sympathetic actions of other nerves that decrease stomach activity

Question 35

hormonal mechanisms involve

Answer 35

gastrin

Question 36

the cephalic phase is initiated by

Answer 36

taste, sight, smell, or thoughts of food

Question 37

cerebral cortex and hypothalamus send signals to

Answer 37

medulla oblongata which transmits them along vagus nerve to submucosal nerve plexus

Question 38

parasympathetic signals increase

Answer 38

stomach motility and stimulate gastric glands to secrete gastric juice

Question 39

the presence of food in the stomach initiates

Answer 39

the gastric phase

Question 40

the gastric phase

Answer 40

mixes food with gastric juice to form chyme

Question 41

stretch receptors in stomach wall are activated and

Answer 41

parasympathetic signals trigger peristalsis

Question 42

chemoreceptors monitor

Answer 42

pH of chyme and stimulate parasympathetic fibers to release acetylcholine which stimulates secretion of gastrin

Question 43

gastrin triggers parietal cells to secrete

Answer 43

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Question 44

gastrin triggers chief cells to secrete

Answer 44

pepsinogen

Question 45

secretions caused from gastrin relax

Answer 45

sphincters that regulated movement of chyme out of stomach

Question 46

gastrin secretion is inhibited when

Answer 46

pH of gastric juice falls below 2.0

Question 47

histamine acts

Answer 47

synergistically with acetylcholine and gastrin to stimulate parietal cells to release more HCl

Question 48

chyme gets released from stomach by

Answer 48

gastric emptying

Question 49

gastric emptying typically takes about

Answer 49

4 hours depending on type of meal

Question 50

meals high in carbs or primarily liquid will

Answer 50

take less time

Question 51

meal high in fat content will

Answer 51

take more time

Question 52

the movement of chyme out of the stomach through the

Answer 52

pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine initiates the intestinal phase

Question 53

presence of fatty acids and partially digested proteins in duodenum triggers

Answer 53

enterogastric neural reflex, which inhibits gastric emptying

Question 54

presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates

Answer 54

enteroendocrine cells to release hormones that will affect stomach--------

Question 55

secretin

Answer 55

decreases gastric secretions

Question 56

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 56

inhibits gastric emptying

Question 57

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Answer 57

suppresses gastric secretion and motility

Question 58

pyloric sphincter contracts tightly to

Answer 58

limit amount of chyme that enters small intestine

Question 59

vomiting is the

Answer 59

forcible expulsion of stomach contects through the mouth

Question 60

during vomiting the diaphragm

Answer 60

and abdominal muscles contract and squeeze the stomach, which expels its contents through open esophageal sphincters

Question 61

vomiting is often preceded by

Answer 61

nausea and retching because lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and stomach and duodenum contract

Question 62

vomiting can be triggered by

Answer 62

distension of stomach or by irritation from bacterial toxins, alcohol, or drugs

Question 63

vomiting can also by triggered by

Answer 63

pelvic trauma, intense pain or repulsive or horrifying sights and or smells

Question 64

prolonged vomiting is dangerous because

Answer 64

gastric juice and fluids are lost whic leads to additional fluid loss and acid/base imbalances