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EQ BCM > upper airway > Flashcards

upper airway Flashcards

1
Q

general steps to work up a case

A

history pe
ddx
upper airway endoscopy
revise ddx
further diagnostics

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2
Q

what breathing noise is always considered pathologic

A

inspiratory noises

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3
Q

serous nasal discharge

A

viral or allergy

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4
Q

mucoid to purulent nasal discharge

A

bacterial, sinusitis

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5
Q

hemorrhagic nasal discharge

A

GP mycosis, trauma, EIPH
ethmoid hematoma

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6
Q

unilateral nasal discharge vs bilateral

A

unilateral seen in ethmoid turbinates, drainage angle or mild GP disease

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7
Q

what causes nasal fold collapse

A

large negative pressure during inspiration collapses the folds

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8
Q

nasal fold collapse common treatment

A

nasal strips decrease negative inspiratory pressure

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9
Q

there is a laceration to the nostrils. what do you need to remember

A

do not allow them to heal by second intention. it will stricture

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10
Q

collapse of the nostrils, nasal cavity or nostril flutter. can be unilateral or bilateral

A

facial nerve paralysis

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11
Q

what causes choanal atresia

A

failure of the buconasal membrane to rupture in utero

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12
Q

how do we treat a nasal polyp

A

cut off with OB wire

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13
Q

what is the general treatment for fungal rhinitis

A

sx debridement and systemic antifungals. long course

zoonotic

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14
Q

theres a nasal septal defect. what do you need to rule out

A

mass effect vs congenital

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15
Q

you remove a nasal foreign body. now what

A

find potential inciting cause for FB

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16
Q

what is the sinus cavity 3D image of choice

A

CT— but does not allow for definitive diagnosis

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17
Q

what sinuses normally communicate

A

rostral maxillary and ventral conchal bulla

frontal sinus and dorsal conchal sinus

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18
Q

what is the structure we rupture to allow the three sinus compartments to communicate

A

maxillary septal bullae

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19
Q

what is the most common bone flap

A

frontonasal bone flap

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20
Q

most common lication for a sinuscopy

A

frontochonchal

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21
Q

what is the most common cause of sinusitis

A

dental disease 08-11

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22
Q

what causes primary sinusitis

A

obstruction of the drainage angle. this causes mucus and bacteria to build up in the sinus cavities

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23
Q

treatment for acute sinusitis vs chronic

A

acute- broad spec abx

chronic- sinus lavage +- sinuostomy

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24
Q

facial bone deformation, +- airway obstruction +- sinusitis

A

sinus cyst

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25
Q

how to diagnose a sinus cyst

A

round fluid filled structure on radiographs

26
Q

treatment for sinus cyst

A

sx removal is 80% curative

27
Q

most common sinus neoplasia

A

SCC– need sinuostomy and biopsy to confirm

28
Q

prognosis of sinus neoplasia

A

<6mo survival time with sx removal

29
Q

young horse lump on face +- history of trauma

A

suture periostitis

30
Q

treatment for suture periostitis

A

topical antiinflam, TIME, +- abx if theres a history of trauma

31
Q

when do we perform bony repair surgery in a sinus fracture

A

only if the fracture is endented. if it is level we can treat conservatively

32
Q

what steps of our PE need to be added for a sinus fracture

A

assess bony orbit
neuro exam
endoscopy

33
Q

how do we diagnose an ethmoid hematoma PEH

A

endoscopy to look for mass. rads to check involvement

34
Q

treatment for PEH (hematoma)

A

formalin injection series or laser ablation

35
Q

why does PEH recur in 67% of cases

A

involvement with the sphenopalatine sinus. formalin could cross the cribriform

36
Q

general clinical signs of a guttural pouch issue

A

nasal discharge +- blood
cranial nerve deficits
dyspnea
+- horners

37
Q

what causes guttural pouch tympany

A

salpingopharyngeal ostia acts as a one way valve for air. young animals

38
Q

treatment for GP tympany

A

stop the one way valve- catheter +- sx fenestration if recurrent

39
Q

GP empyema- what causes it

A

URT infection that extends into the GP — or LN ruptures in the GP

40
Q

what to remember about GP empyema

A

screen for strangles

41
Q

scary amount of blood coming from the nose

A

GP mycosis

42
Q

GP mycosis treatment

A

leave the blood clot alone.
SEDATE the horse
coils or nitinol plugs to affected artery

43
Q

what does DDSP cause

A

obstruction on inspiration

44
Q

what are the three pathophys to DDSP

A

neuromuscular junction
reduced larynx elevation
hypoglossal N dysf

45
Q

most common cause of airway obstruction in racehorses

A

DDSP

46
Q

treatments for DDSP

A

treat inflam
cornell collar
laryngeal tie

47
Q

issue that causes respiratory distress in foals. often secondary to FPT

A

nasopharnygeal dysfunction

48
Q

prognosis for nasopharyngeal dysfunction

A

good. SC and will resolve in a month

49
Q

treatment for cleft palate without aspiration pneumonia

A

conservative therapy if minor.

50
Q

treatment for more severe cleft palate.

A

sx repair, but high rate of recurrence. also you cant do this to the hard palate

51
Q

when do we choose a dynamic endoscopy

A

normal standing endoscopy or abnormal standing endoscopy and we what to further eval

52
Q

why would some conditions only be present in dynamic endoscopy

A

negative pressure created in exercise causes collapse.

53
Q

what are the four effects of negative pressure on the soft tissues

A

vocal fold collapse, pharyngeal collapse, axial deviation of aryiepiglottic folds
DDSP

54
Q

roaring

A

LLH
laryngeal hemiplagia

55
Q

what causes L Laryngeal hemiplagia

A

neurogenic atrophy of the cricoarytenoid dorsalis m CAD

56
Q

two goals of conservative or tie back procedures in LLH

A

decrease noise and improve exercise intolerance

57
Q

how do we ddx laryngeal hemiplagia from arytenoid chondropathy

A

US looking at CAD muscles.

58
Q

early vs chronic treatment for arytenoid chondropathy

A

early- antiinflammatories, +- resect granulomas

chronic- arytenoidectomy

59
Q

what tissues are causing entrapped epiglottis

A

ariepiglottic folds and subepiglottic mucosa

60
Q

treatment for entrapped epiglottis

A

axial midline incision.
excellent prognosis

61
Q

how to remove a subepiglottic mass

A

snare off the mass via the mouth

EQ BCM (10 decks)

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