Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 (3) Flashcards
1
Q
1,”Consider the following programmes: Afforestation and development of wastelands, Reforestation and replantation in existing forests, Encouraging the wood substitutes and supplying other types of fuel, Promotion of wide use of insecticides and pesticides to restrict the loss of forest area from degradation caused by pests and insects. The National Forest Policy of 1988 includes:”,1996,”(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3”
A
1,d,National Forest Policy, 1988 describes the protection of forest and development of forest. It does not describe the use of insecticide and pesticide in forest areas.
2
Q
2,”Within biological communities, some species are important in determining the ability of a large number of other species to persist in the community. Such species are called”,2000,”(a) Keystone species (b) Allopatric species (c) Sympatric species (d) Threatened species”
A
2,a,A keystone species is a species that play a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community and whose impact in the community is greater than would be expected based on its relative abundance or total biomass.
3
Q
3,”Consider the following animals of India: Crocodile, Elephant Which of these is/are endangered species?”,2003,”(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2”
A
3,a,Only crocodile is kept in the Red book or endangered species list.
4
Q
4,”Consider the following statements: 1. Kyoto protocol came into force in the year 2005. 2. Kyoto protocol deals primarily with the depletion of the ozone layer. 3. Methane as a green house gas is more harmful than carbon dioxide. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,2005,”(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 1 only (d) 3 only”
A
4,b,The protocol was initially adopted on 11th December 1997. But it entered into force on 16th February 2005, after Kyoto, Japan. So, it is called Kyoto protocol. Kyoto protocol deals with reducing the green house gases emission to a level at least 5% below 1990 level. Methane is more effective or harmful green house gas than carbon dioxide.
5
Q
5,”Consider the following statements: 1. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in respect of carbon credits is one of the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms. 2. Under the CDM, the projects handled pertain only to the Annex-I countries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,2008,”(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2”
A
5,c,The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the Flexible Mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol (IPCC, 2007) that provides for emissions reduction projects which generate Certified Emission Reduction units which may be traded in emissions trading schemes. The CDM is defined in Article 12 of the Protocol and is intended to meet two objectives: (1) to assist parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), which is to prevent dangerous climate change; and (2) to assist parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments (greenhouse gas (GHG) emission caps).
6
Q
6,”Where was the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+10) held?”,2008,”(a) Davos (b) Nova Scotia (c) Johannesburg (d) Shanghai”
A
6,c,The United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+10) took place in Johannesburg (South Africa). It was conducted between 26 August and 4 September 2002.
7
Q
7,”Consider the following statements: 1. Salt-water crocodile is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 2. Shrew and tapir are found in the Western Ghats of the Malabar region. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,2008,”(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2”
A
7,a,In India salt water crocodile is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, it can grow up to 6-7 mt long existing from Srilanka to Papua New Guinea, North Australia and Soloman Islands. Shrew and tapir are found in the great Himalayan range.
8
Q
8,”The concept of carbon credit originated from which one of the following?”,2009,”(a) Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro (b) Kyoto Protocol (c) Montreal Protocol (d) G-8 Summit, Heiligendamm”
A
8,b,The Kyoto Protocol invented the concept of carbon emissions trading, whereby carbon credits were a “flexibility mechanism”. Under this flexibility mechanism Annex 1 (developed countries) could use the carbon credits to meet their emission reduction commitments. A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the mass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon dioxide (tCO2 e) equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide.
9
Q
9,”Due to their extensive rice cultivation, some regions may be contributing to global warming. To what possible reason/reasons is this attributable ? 1. The anaerobic conditions associated with rice cultivation cause the emission of methane. 2. When nitrogen based fertilizers are used, nitrous oxide is emitted from the cultivated soil. Which of the statements given above is / are correct?”,2010,”(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2”
A
9,c,Methane and nitrous oxide are the two green house gases emitted from rice field. In rice field, flooding cuts off the oxygen supply from atmosphere resulting in anaerobic condition which emits methane and nitrogen fertilizer which generally used in rice field for high production, emits nitrous oxide by reacting with atmospheric oxygen.
10
Q
10,”Consider the following pairs : Protected area Well-known for 1. Bhiterkanika, Orissa — Salt Water Crocodile 2. Desert National Park, Rajasthan — Great Indian Bustard 3. Eravikulam, Kerala — Hoolak Gibbon Which of the pairs given above is / are correctly matched ?”,2010,”(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”
A
10,b,Bhiterkanika, Orissa is a protected area for salt water crocodile, where breeding is the main purpose of that protected area. Great Indian Bustard is protected in desert area of Rajasthan. The Eravikulam National Park was established to protect the Nilgiri tahir (wild goat) species.
11
Q
11,”Consider the following statements : 1. Biodiversity hotspots are located only in tropical regions. 2. India has four biodiversity hotspots i.e., Eastern Himalayas, Western Himalayas, Western Ghats and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Which of the statements given above is / are correct?”,2010,”(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2”
A
11,d,Biodiversity hot spots are not confined to tropical regions and Indian hotspots are present in eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats and Andaman Islands.
12
Q
12,”Consider the following statements : 1. The boundaries of a National Park are defined by legislation. 2. A Biosphere Reserve is declared to conserve a few specific species of flora and fauna. 3. In a Wildlife Sanctuary, limited biotic interference is permitted. Which of the statements given above is / correct ?”,2010,”(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”
A
12,c,The fix boundary of national park is described in Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 and the actual area of the national park is notified by state government. A biosphere reserve conserves an ecosystem and not just few specific species of plants and animals.
13
Q
13,”A pesticide which is a chlorinated hydrocarbon is sprayed on a food crop. The food chain is : Food crop – Rat – Snake – Hawk. In this food chain, the highest concentration of the pesticide would accumulate in which one of the following ?”,2010,”(a) Food crop (b) Rat (c) Snake (d) Hawk”
A
13,d,Biomagnification is the phenomenon of increasing concentration of compound in the tissue of organism, as the compound passes up a food chain, usually as a result of food intake. In this case, the concentration of compound will increase with increasing the tropic level. Biomagnifying pollutants which increases in concentration from producers → Primary consumers → Secondary consumers → Tertiary consumers → Top consumer. Hawk is the top consumer, so the pesticide concentration will be highest in Hawk.
14
Q
14,”As a result of their annual survey, the National Geographic Society and an international polling firm Globe Scan gave India top rank in Greendex 2009 score. What is this score?”,2010,”(a) It is a measure of efforts made by different countries in adopting technologies for reducing carbon footprint. (b) It is a measure of environmentally sustainable consumer behaviour in different countries. (c) It is an assessment of programmes/ schemes undertaken by different countries for improving the conservation of natural resources. (d) It is an index showing the volume of carbon credits sold by different countries.”
A
14,b,In the third annual survey of National Geographic Society and Globe Scan, Indian top ranked in Greendex 2009 due to environmentally sustainable consumer behavior.
15
Q
15,”India is a party to the Ramsar Convention and has declared many areas as Ramsar sites. Which of the following statements best describes as to how we should maintain these sites in the context of this convention?”,2010,”(a) Keep all the sites completely inaccessible to man so that they will not be exploited. (b) Conserve all the sites through ecosystem approach and permit tourism and recreation only. (c) Conserve all the sites through ecosystem approach for a period without any exploitation, with specific criteria and specific period for each site, and then allow sustainable use of them by future generations. (d) Conserve all the sites through ecosystem approach and allow their simultaneous sustainable use.”
A
15,d,Ramsar convention describes to conserve all the sites through ecosystem approach and allow their simultaneous sustainable use.
16
Q
16,”What are the possible limitations of India in mitigating the global warming at present and in the immediate future? 1. Appropriate alternate technologies are not sufficiently available. 2. India cannot invest huge funds in research and development. 3. Many developed countries have already set up their polluting industries in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?”,2010,”(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”
A
16,a,Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth’s near-surface air and oceans by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which result from human activity such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation. Climate change mitigation is action to decrease the potential effects of global warming. At a time rate of mitigation is less in India because appropriate technologies are limited and costly. Moreover India don’t have huge funds required for research and development in that area.
17
Q
17,”Consider the following which can be found in the ambient atmosphere : 1. Soot 2. Sulphur hexafluoride 3. Water vapour Which of the above contribute to the warming up of the atmosphere?”,2010,”(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”
A
17,d,Ambient temperature simply means “the temperature of the surroundings” and will be the same as room temperature. Indoors the common range is 20°C (68°F) to 27°C (80 °F). Similarly, ambient pressure on an object is the pressure of the surrounding medium, such as a gas or liquid, which comes into contact with the object. The soot, sulfur hexafluoride, and water vapor all three can be found at ambient atmosphere which corresponds to ambient temperature and pressure, and subsequently warming up of atmosphere.
18
Q
18,”The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty drawn at”,2010,”(a) United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972 (b) UN ‘Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 (c) World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002 (d) UN Climate’ Change Conference, Copenhagen, 2009”
A
18,b,The United Nations framework convention on climate change is an international treaty drawn at UN conference on Environment and development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992.
19
Q
19,”Regarding “carbon credits’’, which one of the following statements is not correct ?”,2011,”(a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol. (b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota. (c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission. (d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme.”
A
19,d,Under the Kyoto Protocol, the ‘caps’ or quotas for Greenhouse gases for the developed Annex 1 countries are known as Assigned Amounts and are listed in Annex B. The quantity of the initial assigned amount is denominated in individual units, called Assigned amount units (AAUs), each of which represents an allowance to emit one metric tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent, and these are entered into the country’s national registry.
20
Q
20,”Human activities in the recent past have caused the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but a lot of it does not remain in the lower atmosphere because of 1. its escape into the outer stratosphere. 2. the photosynthesis by phytoplankton in the oceans. 3. the trapping of air in the polar ice caps. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,2011,”(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only”
A
20,B,Since CO2 is heavier than air, it sinks in the ocean than moving up. Also, during winter,
21
Q
21,”In the context of ecosystem productivity, marine upwelling zones are important as they increase the marine productivity by bringing the 1. decomposer microorganisms to the surface. 2. nutrients to the surface. 3. bottom-dwelling organisms to the surface. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,2011,”(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only”
A
21,b,Upwelling brings nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water. This is to do with the phytoplankton’s and nothing to do with the decomposer microorganisms.
22
Q
22,”The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole ?”,2011,”(a) Presence of prominent tropospheric turbulence; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons. (b) Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons. (c) Absence of polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of methane and chlorofluorocarbons. (d) Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming.”
A
22,b,The nitric acid in polar stratospheric clouds reacts with CFCs to form chlorine, which catalyzes the photochemical destruction of ozone.
23
Q
23,”Two important rivers–one with its source in Jharkhand (and known by a different name in Odisha), and another, with its source in Odisha–merge at a place only a short distance from the coast of Bay of Bengal before flowing into the sea. This is an important site of wildlife and biodiversity and a protected area. Which one of the following could be this ?”,2011,”(a) Bhitarkanika (b) Chandipur-on-sea (c) Gopalpur-on-sea (d) Simlipal”
A
23,a,The Bhitarkanika Mangroves are a mangrove wetland in India’s Orissa state. The Bhitarkanika Mangroves cover an area of 650 km2 in the river delta of the Brahmani and Baitarani rivers.
24
Q
24,”Three of the following criteria have contributed to the recognition of Western Ghats, Sri Lanka and Indo Burma regions as hotspots of biodiversity : 1. Species richness 2. Vegetation density 3. Endemism 4. Ethno-botanical importance 5. Threat perception 6. Adaption of flora and fauna to warm and humid conditions Which three of the above are correct criteria in this context?”,2011,”(a) 1, 2 and 6 (b) 2, 4 and 6 (c) 1, 3 and 5 (d) 3, 4 and 6”
A
24,c,To qualify as a hotspot, a region must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (> 0.5 percent of the world’s total) as endemics, and it has to have lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat. So we choose Species richness as well as Endemism. Along with this Threat perception is necessary to take, because it makes the base of this concept. Adaptation of flora is an arbitrary option, Ethno-botanical importance does nothing with the Biodiversity Hotspot selection criteria, vegetation Density is also discarded.
25
25,"The Himalayan range is very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this phenomenon ?",2011,"(a) It has a high rainfall that supports luxuriant vegetative growth (b) It is a confluence of different bio-geographical zones. (c) Exotic and invasive species have not been introduced in this region. (d) It has less human interference."
25,b,Himalayas and its adjoining areas are marked as a confluence of several biogeographical realms. It has variety of forest type and is rich in zoo-biogeographic region.
26
26,"There is a concern over the increase in harmful algal blooms in the seawaters of India. What could be the causative factors for this phenomenon? 1. Discharge of nutrients from the estuaries. 2. Run-off from the land during the monsoon. 3. Upwelling in the seas. Select the correct answer from the codes given below:",2011,"(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
26,d,Algae multiply rapidly when nutrients are present. So, discharge of nutrients favors algae and subsequently algal bloom growth from estuaries to sea. The run off from the land during the monsoon brings salts which favor the growth of algae. Upwelling of the sea water brings the nutrients to top level leading to rapid algae multiplication.
27
27,"Consider the following : 1. Photosynthesis 2. Respiration. 3. Decay of organic matter 4. Volcanic action. Which of the above add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on earth ?",2011,"(a) 1 and 4 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4"
27,c,Photosynthesis by plants removes about 120 billion tons of carbon from the air per year, but plant decomposition returns about the same amount. When the organic matter is oxidized through respiration, the reverse of photosynthesis takes place. Respiration releases CO2 into the atmosphere. Respiration and photosynthesis occur at nearly equal rates over one year. Volcanic eruptions and metamorphism release gases into the atmosphere. Volcanic gases are primarily water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.
28
28,"A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal ?",2011,"(a) Indian wild buffalo (b) Indian wild ass (c) Indian wild boar (d) Indian gazelle"
28,b,The Indian wild ass are also called as ghudkhur in local Gujarati language, is a subspecies of the onager native of South Asia. It is unknown how they disappeared though they have never been hunting target during any emperors in India. The history speaks that their number has been declining after due to diseases such as surra and horse sickness. The process related to salt activities have also been a reason behind it.
29
29,"Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways : 1. Soil formation 2. Prevention of soil erosion 3. Recycling of waste 4. Pollination of crops Select the correct answer using the codes given below",2011,"(a) 1,2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only"
29,d,Biological diversity helps in the formation and maintenance of soil structure and the retention of moisture and nutrient levels. Biodiversity supports ecosystem services including air quality, climate water purification, pollination, and prevention of erosion.
30
30,"Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora ?",2011,"(a) Biosphere Reserve (b) Botanical Garden (c) National Park (d) Wildlife Sanctuary"
30,b,Zoo and botanical gardens are the most conventional methods of ex-situ conservation, rest all options are natural habitats so are of in-situ conservation.
31
31,"The 2004 Tsunami made people realize that mangroves can serve as a reliable safety hedge against coastal calamities. How do mangroves function as a safety hedge?",2011,"(a) The mangrove swamps separate the human settlements from the sea by a wide zone in which people neither live nor venture out (b) The mangroves provide both food and medicines which people are in need of after any natural disaster (c) The mangrove trees are tall with dense canopies and serve as an excellent shelter during a cyclone or tsunami (d) The mangrove trees do not get uprooted by storms and tides because of their extensive roots."
31,d,The mangrove trees do not get uprooted by storms and tides because of their extensive roots.
32
32. The “Red Data Books’’ published by the International Union
for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN)
contain lists of ? [2011 - I]
1. Endemic plant and animal species present in the
biodiversity hotspots.
2. Threatened plant and animal species.
3. Protected sites for conservation of nature and natural
resources in various countries.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only
32,b,The red data book contains only 8 lists of threatened plant and animal species.
33
33,"Consider the following statements : 1. Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes. 2. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?",2011,"(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2"
33,c,Biodiversity is higher in the low latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes as the habitat tolerance level is very narrow at greater latitude. Mountains have high range of species at the low altitude as they can support larger number of species due to climatic condition.
34
34,"With reference to India, consider the following Central Acts : 1. Import and Export (Control) Act, 1947 2. Mining and Mineral Development (Regulation) Act, 1957 3. Customs Act, 1962 4. Indian Forest Act, 1927 Which of the above Acts have relevance to/bearing on the biodiversity conservation in the country ?",2011,"(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2,3 and 4 only (c) 1,2,3 and 4 (d) None of the above Acts"
34,c,There are 35 acts of Indian Government which have relevance to Biodiversity conservation and includes all the four options given in this question.
35
35,"Consider the following: 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Oxides of Nitrogen 3. Oxides of Sulphur Which of the above is/are the emission/emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants?",2011,"(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
35,d,Coal combustion at thermal power plants releases all of the given products like CO2, NOx, and SOx.
36
36,"How does National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) help in protecting the Indian agriculture? 1. NBA checks the biopiracy and protects the indigenous and traditional genetic resources. 2. NBA directly monitors and supervises the scientific research on genetic modification of crop plants. 3. Application for Intellectual Property Rights related to genetic/biological resources cannot be made without the approval of NBA. Which of the statements given above is /are correct?",2012,"(a) 1only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
36,c,National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) checks the biopiracy and protects the indigenous and traditional genetic resources. Intellectual property Rights related to genetic biological resources cannot be made without the approval of NBA.
37
37,"The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 was enacted in consonance with which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India? 1. Right to healthy environment, construed as a part of Right to life under Article 21 2. Provision of grants for raising the level of administration in the Scheduled Areas for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes under Article 275(1) 3. Powers and functions of Gram Sabha as mentioned under Article 243 (A) Select the correct answer using the codes given below :",2012,"(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
37,a,The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 was enacted in consonance with the Right to a healthy environment, construed as a part of Right to life under Art. 21.
38
38,"If National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented, how will it impact the country? 1. Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through recycling of wastewater. 2. The water requirements of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for the use of ocean water. 3. All the rivers of Himalayan origin will be linked to the rivers of peninsular India, 4. The expenses incurred by farmers for digging borewells and for installing motors and pump-sets to draw groundwater will be completely reimbursed by the Government. Select the correct answer using the codes given below :",2012,"(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4"
38,b,If National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented, then the part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through recycling of waste water and the water requirements of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for the use of ocean water.
39
39. Biomass gasification is considered to be one of the
sustainable solutions to the power crisis in India. In this
context, which of the following statements is/are correct?
[2012 - I]
EBD_7335
Issues on Environment, Ecology, Biodiversity & Climate Change E 53
1. Coconut shells, groundnut shells and rice husk can be
used in biomass gasification.
2. The combustible gases generated from biomass
gasification consist of hydrogen and carbon dioxide only.
3. The combustible gases generated from biomass
gasification can be used for direct heat generation but
not in internal combustion engines.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
39,a,The combustible gas produced during the gasification process includes carbon monoxide hydrogen, carbon dioxide and possibly hydrocarbons like methane (CH4).
40
40. The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this
phenomenon a cause of concern? [2012 - I]
1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton
will be adversely affected.
2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely
affected.
3. The survival of some animals that have
phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected.
4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be
adversely affected.
Which of the statements given above is /are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
40,c are correct. Marine organisms like coral and phytoplankton are affected by ocean acidification. It decrease growth, reproduction and survival of these species. The acidification of ocean may lead to cloud formation as. Sulfuric acid seeds the cloud formation which is emitted from the ocean in the form of dimethylsulfide (DMS) produced by phytoplankton. These phytoplanktons produce less DMS when ocean water is acidified and result in less cloud formation.
41
41,"The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere, because it absorbs",2012,"(a) the water vapour of the air and retains its heat (b) the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation (c) all the solar radiations (d) the infrared part of the solar radiation"
41,d,Carbon dioxide absorbs the Infrared part of Solar Radiation
42
42,"Consider the following protected areas: 1. Bandipur 2. Bhitarkanika 3. Manas 4. Sunderbans Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?",2012,"(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) l, 2, 3 and 4"
42,b,Bandipur, Manas and Sunderbans are declared Tiger Reserves
43
43,"In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomass?",2012,"(a) Biosphere Reserves (b) National Parks (c) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention (d) Wildlife Sanctuaries"
43,b,In national parks, local people are not allowed to collect and use the biomass available in the area.
44
44,"Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?",2012,"(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass (b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard (c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane) (d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal"
44,a,Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass, are endangered species.
45
45,"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of ecosystem services provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one of the following is supporting service?",2012,"(a) Production of food and water (b) Control of climate and disease (c) Nutrient cycling and crop pollination (d) Maintenance of diversity"
45,c,Supporting services of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services including soil formation, nutrient cycling, photosynthesis to name a few.
46
46,"What is the difference between the antelopes Oryx and Chiru?",2012,"(a) Oryx is adapted to live in hot and arid areas whereas Chiru is adapted to live in steppes and semi-desert areas of cold high mountains (b) Oryx is poached for its antlers whereas Chiru is poached for its musk (c) Oryx exists in western India only whereas Chiru exists in north-east India only (d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct"
46,a,Oryx has adapted to live in hot and arid areas whereas Chiru is adapted to live in steppes and semi-desert areas of cold high mountains.
47
47,"Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? 1. Global warming 2. Fragmentation of habitat 3. Invasion of alien species 4. Promotion of vegetarianism Select the correct answer using the codes given below :",2012,"(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4"
47,a,Except promotion of vegetarianism all other acts are threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area.
48
48,"Consider the following agricultural practices : 1. Contour bunding 2. Relay cropping 3. Zero tillage In the context of global climate change, which of the above helps/help in carbon sequestration/storage in the soil?",2012,"(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None of them"
48,c,All the given agricultural practices help in carbon sequestration.
49
49,"What would happen if phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason? 1. The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affected. 2. The food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected. 3. The density of ocean water would drastically decrease. Select the correct answer using the codes given below :",2012,"(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
49,a,If phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason then (i) The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affected. (ii) The food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected as the fishes live on them.
50
50,"Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to",2012,"(a) the destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species (b) a drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle (c) scarcity of food available to them (d) a widespread, persistent and fatal disease among them"
50,b,A drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle.
51
51. Due to improper/ indiscriminate disposal of old and used
computers or their parts, which of the following are released
into the environment as e-waste? [2013 - I]
1. Beryllium 2. Cadmium
3. Chromium 4. Heptachlor
5. Mercury 6. Lead
7. Plutonium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only (b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only
(c) 2, 4, 5 and 7 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
51,b,Electronic waste or E-waste has ferrous and non-ferrous metals both. Non-ferrous metals like copper, aluminium, silver, gold, platinum, palladium etc. The presence of elements like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium and hexavalent chromium are classified as hazardous waste.
52
52,"With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: 1. A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other. 2. Food chains are found within the populations of a species. 3. A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?",2013,"(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None"
52,a,A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other. A food chain is the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community to obtain nutrition.
53
53. In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found
in its natural habitat? [2013 - I]
1. Tamil Nadu 2. Kerala
3. Karnataka 4. Andhra Pradesh
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4"
53,a,Lion-tailed Macaques are found in the mountain forests scattered across three Indian states stated above. The lion-tailed Macaques are endangered as per IUCN.
54
54,"Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism, but also its functional role in the community of organisms?",2013,"(a) Ecotone (b) Ecological niche (c) Habitat (d) Home range"
54,b,Ecological Niche is a term that describes the way of life of a species. Each species is thought to have a separate unique niche. The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors. A niche is the sum of the habitat requirements that allow a species to persist and produce offspring.
55
55,"Consider the following: 1. Star tortoise 2. Monitor lizard 3. Pygmy hog 4. Spider monkey Which of the above are naturally found in India?",2013,"(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4"
55,a,Star tortoise is found in India in the dry and scrub forests. Pygmy Hog is an endangered species found in Assam. Only 150 animals are left. Monitor Lizard is found in India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Spider Monkey is the inhabitant of tropical forests of Central and South America.
56
56. Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the
drinking water in some parts of India? [2013 - I]
1. Arsenic 2. Sorbitol
3. Fluoride 4. Formaldehyde
5. Uranium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 3 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
56,c,Drinking water in some parts of India has contaminants like Arsenic, Fluoride other than many other contaminants. The sources of Arsenic are run off from orchards. The sources of fluoride are erosion of natural deposits, discharge from fertilizers and aluminum factories.
57
57,"Consider the following pairs: 1. Nokrek Bio-sphere Reserve : Garo Hills 2. Logtak (Loktak) Lake : Barail Range 3. Namdapha National Park : Dafla Hills Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?",2013,"(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None"
57,a,Nokrek Biosphere Reserve is situated in Garo Hills in Meghalaya. Loktak Lake is in Manipur. Barail Range is in Assam. Though Namdapha National Park and Dafla Hill both are in Arunachal Pradesh, the two are separate entities.
58
58,"In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of",2013,"(a) insects and fungi (b) limited sunlight and paucity of nutrients (c) water limits and fire (d) None of the above"
58,c,The trees cannot replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of water limits and fire.
59
59,"Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity?",2013,"(a) Oceans, lakes, grasslands, mangroves (b) Mangroves, oceans, grasslands, lakes (c) Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans (d) Oceans, mangroves, lakes, grasslands"
59,c,The productivity of Mangroves > grasslands > lakes > oceans.
60
60,"Consider the following fauna of India: 1. Gharial 2. Leatherback turtle 3. Swamp deer Which of the above is/are endangered?",2013,"(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None"
60,c,Gharial is critically endangered according to IUCN. Overhunting for skin and trophies, habitat loss due to construction of dams and barrages has been the reason for their decline. Leatherback turtles are endangered due to human carelessness. Swamp deer occupies a place in the list of the endangered species of the world. Deforestation, draining of swamps and marshes for farming has led to the destruction of their natural habitat.
61
61. With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of
the following kinds of organism is/are known as decomposer
organism/organisms? [2013 - I]
1. Virus
2. Fungi
3. Bacteria
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
61,b,Bacteria and Fungi both are known as decomposer organisms. Bacteria are important decomposers; they can break down any kind of organic matters. Fungi are primary decomposers, they not only decompose the surface organisms but they can also penetrate deep into the organic matters.
62
62,"Consider the following international agreements : 1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 3. The World Heritage Convention Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity?",2014,"(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
62,d,The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture aims at guaranteeing food security through the conservation, exchange and sustainable use of the world’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification is a Convention to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought. The World Heritage Convention is concerned with the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. All three of them have a bearing on biodiversity.
63
63,"Consider the following statements regarding ‘Earth Hour’: 1. It is an initiative of UNEP and UNESCO. 2. It is a movement in which the participants switch off the lights for one hour on a certain day every year. 3. It is a movement to raise the awareness about the climate change and the need to save the planet. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?",2014,"(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
63,c,Earth Hour is a worldwide movement for the planet organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). The event is held worldwide annually encouraging individuals, communities, households and businesses to turn off their non-essential lights for one hour, from 8:30 to 9:30 p.m. to raise awareness about climate change and the need to save the planet.
64
64,"Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain?",2014,"(a) Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings (b) Crustaceans-Diatoms-Herrings (c) Diatoms-Herrings-Crustaceans (d) Crustaceans-Herrings-Diatoms"
64,a,Diatoms are autotrophs which prepare their own food. Crustaceans are herbivorous animals which feed on diatoms. Herrings are carnivorous animals which feed on Crustaceans. This completes the food chain. Diatoms are autotrophs, prepare their own food. Crustaceans eat diatoms. Crustaceans are members of zooplankton and are eaten by Herring fish when small.
65
65,"If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?",2014,"(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference (b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland (c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed (d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’"
65,a,The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International Importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference.
66
66,"With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements : 1. It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests. 2. It strives to conserve nature through action-based research, education and public awareness. 3. It organizes and conducts nature trails and camps for the general public. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?",2014,"(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
66,c,The Bombay Natural History Society is one of the largest non-governmental organizations in India engaged in conservation and biodiversity research. It strives to conserve nature through action-based research, education and public awareness. It organizes and conducts nature trails and camps for the general public.
67
67. With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility'’, which of
the following statements is/are correct? [2014 - I]
(a) It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on
Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change’
(b) It undertakes scientific research on environmental
issues at global level
(c) It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer
of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries
with specific aim to protect their environment
(d) Both (a) and (b)
67,a,It is an independent financial organization which works with countries on environmental issues.
68
68,"Consider the following pairs : 1. Dampa Tiger Reserve : Mizoram 2. Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary : Sikkim 3. Saramati Peak : Nagaland Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?",2014,"(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
68,c,Dampa Tiger Reserve, the largest wildlife sanctuary in Mizoram. Saramati peak is in Nagaland. It is located near Tuensang town with a height of 3,826 m. Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary is a famous wildlife reserve in Tripura.
69
69. With reference to a conservation organization called
“Wetlands International’, which of the following statements
is/ are correct? [2014 - I]
1. It is an intergovernmental organization formed by
the countries which are signatories to Ramsar
Convention.
2. It works at the field level to develop and mobilize
knowledge, and use the practical experience to
advocate for better policies.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
69,b,This organization is in partnership but not formed by Ramsar convention. The organization was formed in 1954 and Ramsar convention was signed in 1971. “Wetlands International” works at the field level to develop and mobilize knowledge, and use the practical experience to advocate for better policies.
70
70. Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for
the decline in the population of Ganges River Dolphins?
[2014 - I]
1. Construction of dams and barrages on rivers
2. Increase in the population of crocodiles in rivers
3. Getting trapped in fishing nets accidentally
4. Use of synthetic fertilizers and other agricultural
chemicals in crop-fields in the vicinity of rivers
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
70,c,The construction of dams and barrages on rivers, getting trapped in fishing nets accidentally and the use of synthetic fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals in crop-fields near the rivers are the reasons for the decline in the population of Ganges river Dolphins.
71
71. Which of the following adds/add carbon dioxide to the
carbon cycle on the planet Earth? [2014 - I]
1. Volcanic action 2. Respiration
3. Photosynthesis 4. Decay of organic matter
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
71,c,Volcanic action, Respiration, and decay of organic matter add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on the planet Earth. However, photosynthesis uses Carbon dioxide to produce food.
72
72. If you walk through countryside, you are likely to see some
birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects
disturbed by their movement through grasses. [2014 - I]
Which of the following is/are such bird/birds?
1. Painted Stork 2. Common Myna
3. Black-necked Crane
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only
72,b,Common Myna are birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects disturbed by their movement through grasses. The common myna is readily identified by the brown body, black hooded head and the bare yellow patch behind the eye.
73
73. With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the
following statements is/are correct? [2014 - I]
1. Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared
under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
2. The purpose of the declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones
is to prohibit all kinds of human activities in those
zones except agriculture.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
73,d,Eco-sensitive zones are ecologically important areas under the Environment Protection Act 1986 around national parks and wildlife sanctuaries prohibiting certain human activities in the zone.
74
74,"Consider the following statements : 1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. 2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body. 3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?",2014,"(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
74,b,The Animal Welfare Board of India was established in 1962 under Section 4 of The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. The National Tiger Conservation Authority is set up under the Chairmanship of the Minister for Environment and Forests and is a statutory body. National Ganga River Basin Authority was established by the Central Government of India, on 20 February 2009. The Prime Minister is the chair of the Authority.
75
5. Which of the following have coral reefs? [2014 - I]
1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2. Gulf of Kachchh
3. Gulf of Mannar
4. Sunderbans
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
75,a,Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Andaman and Nicobar, Gulf of Kachchh and Gulf of Mannar have coral reefs. However, Sunderbans do not have coral reefs.
76
76. In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which
of the following? [2014 - I]
1. Terrace cultivation 2. Deforestation
3. Tropical climate
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
76,b,In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with deforestation. Terrace cultivation helps in less erosion of soil.
77
77,"The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of",2014,"(a) biosphere reserves (b) botanical gardens (c) national parks (d) wildlife sanctuaries"
77,a,Biosphere reserves are established under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Biosphere Reserves Combine Protected areas with zones where sustainable development is nurtured by native dwellers.
78
\78. The scientific view is that the increase in global temperature
should not exceed 2 °C above pre-industrial level. If the
global temperature increases beyond 3 °C above the preindustrial level, what can be its possible impact/impacts on
the world? [2014 - I]
1. Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon
source.
2. Widespread coral mortality will occur.
3. All the global wetlands will permanently disappear.
4. Cultivation of cereals will not be possible anywhere
in the world.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
78,b,Rise in temperature by 3°C to that of pre-industrial level will lead as per choice 1 and 2.
79
79,"Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of",2014,"(a) algae and bacteria (b) algae and fungi (c) bacteria and fungi (d) fungi and mosses"
79,b,In organisms called lichens, a chlorophyll-containing partner, which is an alga, and a fungus live together. Fungus provides shelter, water, and minerals to the alga and, in return, the alga provides food which it prepares by photosynthesis.
80
80. Which of the following are some important pollutants
released by steel industry in India? [2014 - I]
1. Oxides of sulphur 2. Oxides of nitrogen
3. Carbon monoxide 4. Carbon dioxide
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 3 and 4 only (b) 1and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
80,d,In steel furnace coke reacts with iron to release pollutants like Oxides of sulphur, Oxides of nitrogen, Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide.
81
81,"Every year, a monthlong ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?",2014,"(a) Bhutia and Lepcha (b) Gond and Korku (c) Irula and Toda (d) Sahariya and Agariya"
81,b,The festival starts with the green march celebrating the beginning of the rains and new sowing season during which planting of saplings of fruit-bearing trees is done on a mass scale.
82
82,"In India, cluster bean (Guar) is traditionally used as a vegetable or animal feed, but recently the cultivation of this has assumed significance. Which one of the following statements is correct in this context?",2014,"(a) The oil extracted from seeds is used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics (b) The gum made from its seeds is used in the extraction of shale gas (c) The leaf extract of this plant has the properties of antihistamines (d) It is a source of high quality biodiesel"
82,b,The seeds of cluster bean are the source of shale gas. The gum made from its seeds is used in the extraction of shale gas. Generally, the cluster bean is used as a vegetable or animal feed.
83
83. If you travel through the Himalayas, you are likely to see
which of the following plants naturally growing there?
[2014 - I]
1. Oak 2. Rhododendron 3. Sandalwood
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
83,a,Oak and Rhododendron are found in the Himalayan zone. While sandalwood is found in South India.
84
84,"Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic?",2015,"(a) Khangchendzonga National Park (b) Nandadevi National Park (c) Neora Valley National Park (d) Namdapha National Park"
84,d,Namdapha National Park is located in Arunachal Pradesh. The climate of this area varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic. It is tropical and subtropical in southern regions and arctic type in the northern part of the park.
85
85,"'BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes' is managed by the",2015,"(a) Asian Development Bank (b) International Monetary Fund (c) United Nations Environment Programme (d) World Bank"
85,d,Housed within the Carbon Finance Unit of the World Bank, the BioCarbon Fund is a public-private sector initiative mobilizing finance to help for the development of projects that sequester or conserve carbon in forest and agro-ecosystems. It was created in 2004.
86
86. With reference to 'Forest Carbon Partnership Facility', which
of the following statements is/ are correct? [2015-I]
1. It is a global partnership of governments, businesses,
civil society and indigenous peoples.
2. It provides financial aid to universities, individual
scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry
research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation
technologies for sustainable forest management.
3. It assists the countries in their 'REDD+ (Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+)'
efforts by providing them with financial and technical
assistance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
86,c,The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, the sustainable management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (activities commonly referred to as REDD+).
87
87. With reference to an organization known as 'Birdlife
International', which of the following statements is/are
correct? [2015-I]
1. It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations.
2. The concept of 'biodiversity hotspots' originated from
this organization.
3. It identifies the sites known/referred to as 'Important
Bird and Biodiversity Areas'.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
87,c,BirdLife International is a global partnership of conservation organisations that strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity. It is working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources. It is the World's largest partnership of conservation organisations, with over 120 partner organizations. An Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) is an area recognized as being globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations. The program was developed and sites are identified by BirdLife International.
88
88,"In India, in which one of the following types of forests is teak a dominant tree species?",2015-I,"(a) Tropical moist deciduous forest (b) Tropical rain forest (c) Tropical thorn scrub forest (d) Temperate forest with grasslands"
88,a,The tropical moist deciduous forests are found in Sahyadris, the north-eastern parts of the peninsula and along the foothills of the Himalayas. Teak and sal are found in these forests.
89
89,"Which one of the following is the best description of the term 'ecosystem'?",2015-I,"(a) A community of organisms interacting with one another. (b) That part of the Earth which is inhabited by living organisms. (c) A community of organisms together with the environment in which they live (d) The flora and fauna of a geographical area"
89,c,An ecosystem includes all of the living things (plants, animals and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere).
90
90,"Which of the following National Parks is unique in being a swamp with floating vegetation that supports a rich biodiversity?",2015-I,"(a) Bhitarkanika National Park (b) Keibul Lamjao National Park (c) Keoladeo Ghana National Park (d) Sultanpur National Park"
90,b,The Keibul Lamjao National Park is a national park located in Manipur. It is 40 km in area and the only floating park in the world which is located in North East India, and an integral part of Loktak Lake.
91
91,"With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct?",2015-I,"1. IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments. 2. IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments. 3. CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
91,b,IUCN is not an organ of UN. It has observer and consultative status at the United Nations.
92
92,"With reference to 'dugong', a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?",2015-I,"1. It is a herbivorous marine animal. 2. It is found along the entire coast of India. 3. It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only"
92,c,The dugong is a medium-sized marine mammal. Dugong is listed under schedule 1 of India Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. In 2008, a MoU was signed between the Ministry of Environment and Forests and the Government of India, in order to conserve dugongs. In fact, the highest level of legal protection is accorded to dugongs in India.
93
93,"Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?",2015-I,"(a) Saltwater crocodile (b) Olive ridley turtle (c) Gangetic dolphin (d) Gharial"
93,c,The Gangetic dolphins have been declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India. River Dolphin is the National Aquatic Animal of India. The Ministry of Environment and Forests notified the Ganges River Dolphin as the National Aquatic Animal on 18th May 2010. This mammal is also said to represent the purity of the holy Ganga as it can only survive in pure and fresh water.
94
94,"Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substances?",2015-I,"(a) Bretton Woods Conference (b) Montreal Protocol (c) Kyoto Protocol (d) Nagoya Protocol"
94,b,The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
95
95,"What is Rio+20 Conference, often mentioned in the news?",2015-I,"(a) It is the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (b) It is a Ministerial Meeting of the World Trade Organization (c) It is a Conference of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (d) It is a Conference of the Member Countries of the Convention on Biological Diversity"
95,a,The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit or Earth Summit. It was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was also held in Rio, and is also commonly called Rio+20 or Rio Earth Summit 2012.
96
96,"Which of the following statements regarding 'Green Climate Fund' is/are correct?",2015-I,"1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change. 2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2"
96,a,The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a fund within the framework of the UNFCCC founded as a mechanism to redistribute money from the developed to the developing world, in order to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change. The Fund is governed by the GCF Board. The assets of the GCF will be administered by a trustee only for the purpose of, and in accordance with, the relevant decisions of the GCF Board. The World Bank was invited by the COP to serve as the interim trustee of the GCF, subject to a review three years after operation of the Fund.
97
97,"With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:",2015-I,"1. The decomposition of human waste in the bio-toilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum. 2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2"
97,d,The bio-toilets are fitted underneath the lavatories and the human waste discharged into them is acted upon by a particular kind of bacteria that converts it into CO2, CH4, and non-corrosive neutral water. The new-age green toilets have been designed by Railways along with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) keeping in mind the requirements of Indian trains.
98
98,"Consider the following pairs :",2016-I,"Terms sometimes seen in the news Their origin 1. Annex—I Countries Cartagena Protocol 2. Certified Emissions Reductions Nagoya Protocol 3. Clean Development Mechanism Kyoto Protocol Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
98,c,"(i) The Kyoto Protocol separates countries into two groups. Annex I includes developed nations, while Non-Annex I refers to developing countries. A CER is a certificate which is issued every time the United Nations prevents one tonne of CO2 equivalent being emitted through carbon projects registered with the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). (ii) All three terms are associated with Kyoto Protocol. Therefore, answer “c” 3 only."
99
99,"With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct?",2016-I,"1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum. 2. It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity. 3. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
99,c,"(i) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) is a study led by Pavan Sukhdev. It is an international initiative to draw attention to the global economic benefits of biodiversity. Its objective is to highlight the growing cost of biodiversity loss and ecosystem and to draw together expertise from the fields of science, economics and policy to enable practical actions. (ii) As per the official page of the organization. 2 and 3 are correct, but there is no mention of their association with UNEP, IMF. Hence 1st statement is wrong. Accordingly answer is “c”"
100
100,"Which of the following statements is/are correct?",2016-I,"Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ Programme can significantly contribute to 1. protection of biodiversity 2. resilience of forest ecosystems 3. poverty reduction Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
100,d,As per the official webpage of UN-REDD+ program their explicit objectives are only 1 and 2. While REDD++ can help removing the poverty, in an indirect manner, but it’s not explicitly mentioned in their objectives. So, after the exam, experts were divided between A and D, But, in its official Answerkey, UPSC has kept “D” as the answer.
101
101,"What is ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’?",2016-I,"(a) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions (b) It is an initiative of the United Nations to offer financial incentives to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt eco-friendly technologies (c) It is an inter-governmental agreement ratified by all the member countries of the United Nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to specified levels by the year 2022 (d) It is one of the multilateral REDD+ initiatives hosted by the World Bank"
101,a,"(i) The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) is the most widely used international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify, and manage greenhouse gas emissions. A decade-long partnership between the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), the GHG Protocol is working with businesses, governments, and (ii) A is correct according to their ""ABOUT US"" page Ref : http://www.ghgprotocol.org/about-ghgp"
102
102,"With reference to ‘Agenda 21’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements :",2016-I,"1. It is a global action plan for sustainable development 2. It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2"
102,a,Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regards to sustainable development. It is a product of the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. Therefore, only first statement right.
103
103,"Consider the following statements:",2016-I,"(1) The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015. (2) The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2"
103,a,"(i) The COP-21 Climate Conference was held in Paris, France from 30 November to 12 December 2015. During this conference, India and France have launched the International Solar Alliance (ISA). International Solar Alliance includes an alliance of 121 countries located between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. (ii) While ISA was launched on Sidelines of Paris Summit, therefore first statement right but it includes only the 121 countries between Capricorn and Cancer receiving sunlight for 300 days or more. Hence 2nd statement is wrong."
104
104,"With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct?",2016-I,"1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017. 2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2 °C or even 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. 3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
104,b,"(i) The agreement emphasized on urgent need to address the significant gap between the aggregate effect of Parties’ mitigation pledges in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. (ii) Paris Summit - not all nations have signed the agreement and there is no deadline to ratify it. Hence, statement 1 is wrong. This eliminates a and b. And developed countries committed to give $100 billion by 2020. But, for the future, there is no mention of giving $1,000 billion dollars. Therefore, the third statement is wrong. We are left with Answer (b) only."
105
105,"Consider the following statements:",2016-I,"1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’. 2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2"
105,b,"At the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit on 25 September 2015, world leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030. The history of the SDGs can be traced to 1972 when governments met under the auspices of the United Nations Human and Environment Conference. The ‘Club of Rome’ is a global think tank that deals with a range of international political issues. Ref: UNDP & The Hindu http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/…/post2015-development-agenda.html"
106
106,"The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of",2016-I,"(a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East (b) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change (c) capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (d) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals"
106,b,"(i) Countries across the globe committed to create a new international climate agreement by the conclusion of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris in December 2015. (ii) INDCs are associated with UNFCCC-Climate change. Hence b) is the apt choice."
107
107,"What is/are the importance/importances of the ‘United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification’?",2016-I,"1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programs and supportive international partnerships. 2. It has a special/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its Secretariat facilitates the allocation of major portion of financial resources to these regions. 3. It is committed to bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating the desertification. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
107,c,"(i) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive international partnerships. UNCCD is committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification. (ii) As per the convention, Statement 3 is right. But UNCCCD focuses on Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern Mediterranean and Central and Eastern Europe. Hence statement 2 is wrong. Therefore, answer (c). Ref:http://www.unccd.int/en/regional-access/Pages/ default.aspx/ EBD_7335 Issues on Environment, Ecology, Biodiversity & Climate Change E 67"
108
108,"Which of the following best describes/ describe the aim of ‘Green India Mission’ of the Government of India?",2016-I,"1. Incorporating environmental benefits and costs into the Union and State Budgets thereby implementing the ‘green accounting’ 2. Launching the second green revolution to enhance agricultural output so as to ensure food security to one and all in the future 3. Restoring and enhancing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
108,c,"(i) The National Mission for a Green India was announced by the Prime Minister as one of the eight Missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). It recognizes that climate change phenomenon will seriously affect and alter the distribution, type and quality of natural resources of the country. GIM puts the “greening” in the context of climate change adaptation and mitigation, meant to enhance ecosystem services like carbon sequestration and storage (in forests and other ecosystems), hydrological services and biodiversity; along with provisioning services like fuel, fodder, small timber. (ii) Ref: India Yearbook 2016 page 338: Environment ministry has launched National Mission for a Green India through a consultative process involving relevant stakeholders, aimed at both increasing the forest and tree cover by 5 million ha, as well as increasing the quality of the existing forest cover in another 5 million ha. Hence only statement 3 fits."
109
109,"‘Net metering’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of promoting the",2016-I,"(a) production and use of solar energy by the households/consumers (b) use of piped natural gas in the kitchens of households (c) installation of CNG kits in motor-cars (d) installation of water meters in urban households"
109,a,"(i) Net metering is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the electricity they add to the grid. Net metering allows residential and commercial customers who generate their own electricity from solar power to feed electricity they do not use back into the grid. (ii) Under Net-metering system, Customer installs a solar or windpower plant on his premise, gets it grid-connected with the electricity distribution company (DISCOM). Hence (a) is the apt choice."
110
110,"‘Gadgil Committee Report’ and ‘Kasturirangan Committee Report’, sometimes seen in the news, are related to",2016-I,"(a) constitutional reforms (b) Ganga Action Plan (c) linking of rivers (d) protection of Western Ghats"
110,d,"(i) The Gadgil Commission was an environmental research commission appointed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of India. The Commission submitted the report to the Government of India on 31 August 2011. The Kasturirangan Committee Report has sought to balance the two concerns of development and environment protection, by watering down the environmental regulation regime proposed by the Western Ghats Ecology Experts Panel’s Gadgil report in 2012. (ii) They’re associated with Western Ghat conservation plan."
111
111,"On which of the following can you find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label?",2016-I,"1. Ceiling fans 2. Electric geysers 3. Tubular fluorescent lamps Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
111,d,"(i) The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is an agency of the Government of India, under the Ministry of Power created in March 2002 under the provisions of the nation’s 2001 Energy Conservation Act. The agency’s function is to develop programs which will increase the conservation and efficient use of energy in India. The government has proposed to make it mandatory for all appliances in India to have ratings by the BEE starting in January 2010. (ii) According to centre for science and environment (CSE), both 1 and 3 are correct. There is only option (d) whether such combination is possible."
112
112,"In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index?",2016-I,"1. Carbon dioxide 2. Carbon monoxide 3. Nitrogen dioxide 4. Sulfur dioxide 5. Methane Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5"
112,b,"(i) The AQI level is based on the level of 8 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulates smaller than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), suspended particulates smaller than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), NH3, Pb, carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) measured at the monitoring stations throughout. So by elimination we are left with option “b”. Ref: Thehindu newspaper/ April 9, 2015; http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-data-delve/article7083985.ece"
113
113,"Which of the following are the key features of ‘National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)’?",2016-I,"1. River basin is the unit of planning and management. 2. It spearheads the river conservation efforts at the national level. 3. One of the Chief Ministers of the States through which the Ganga flows becomes the Chairman of NGRBA on rotation basis. Select the correct answer using the code given Below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
113,a,"(i) National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) is a financing, planning, implementing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the Ganges River, functioning under the water resource ministry of India. The mission of the organisation is to spearhead the river conservation efforts at the national level. (ii) In 2014, UPSC asked similar question, where one of the statements was- “PM is chairman of NGRBA”. That statement was right as per India Yearbook 2014. Therefore, here statement 3 is wrong, CM can’t be the chairman of NGRBA. By elimination, we reach answer (a)."
114
114,"What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India?",2016-I,"1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometers in seawater. 2. It survives by grazing on mangroves. 3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
114,a,"These camels can swim up to three kilometers into the sea in search of mangroves - So, 1 and 2 are correct. Most families in Jatt and Rabari communities of Kachchh, are traditional rearers of Kharai camels. So, the third statement is also correct. Kharai camels found in the Kutch region are very unique. They can swim through deep sea waters and feed on mangroves and other saline plants. The breeders have meticulously followed the traditional grazing pattern in the coastal districts. They do not provide special housing or shelter to the camels. Given the breed’s ability to survive both on land and sea, the Kharai camel is one of the most preferred choices of graziers in the arid coastal region of Kachchh. People consume its milk, while male calves are sold for economic returns (females are not sold because they are considered sacred). A male calf fetches anywhere between Rs. 6,000 and Rs.14,000, says Ramesh Bhatti of Sahjeevan, an NGO working on livelihood issues of graziers in Kachchh. It can be domesticated also – so it's not wild. They are reared in four blocks of Abdasa, Bundra, Lakhpat and Bachau of Gujarat. Ref: DOWN TO EARTH (An important source for Env) Rare Kharai camel species, found in Kutch district, is under threat due to the onslaught of industrialisation, post-2001 earthquake."
115
115,"Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?",2016-I,"(a) Andaman Islands (b) Anaimalai Forests (c) Maikala Hills (d) Tropical rain forests of northeast"
115,a,"Scientists at the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) have discovered a new species of banana from a remote tropical Krishna Nalah rainforest on the Little Andaman islands. The new species is about 11 metres high, whereas the usual banana species is about three to four meters high. The fruit pulp is orange in colour, distinctive from the white and yellow color of regular bananas. Hence (a) is the correct answer. Ref: TheHindu/October 11, 2015 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ andamans-yield-a-sweet-banana-with-orange-pulp/ article7750316.ece"
116
116,"With reference to ‘Red Sanders’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements:",2016-I,"1. It is a tree species found in a part of South India. 2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rain forest areas of South India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2"
116,a,"(i) Pterocarpus santalinus, with the common names Red Sanders, Red Sandalwood, and saunderswood, is a species of Pterocarpus endemic to the southern Eastern Ghats mountain range of South India. This tree is valued for the rich red colour of its wood. The wood is not aromatic. (ii) It was in national media during April 2015, when Andhra Pradesh police killed 20 Red Sander smugglers in an encounter. So the first statement is right. (iii) Red Sanders is associated with Tropical dry deciduous forest, as per the environment ministry website, Hence the 2nd statement wrong."
117
117,"The term M-STRIPES' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of",2017-I,"(a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna (b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves (c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System (d) Security of National Highways"
117,b,"National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is planning to implement a new computerized tiger monitoring protocol in all tiger reserves of the country known as Monitoring System for Tiger, Intensive Patrolling and Ecological Status (MSTrIPES)."
118
118,"Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites ?",2017-I,"(a) Corbett National Park (b) KunoPalpur Wildlife Sanctuary (c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (d) Sariska National Park"
118,b,"Even if you eliminate Corbett (Uttarakhand) and Mudumalai (Tamil Nadu) for climatic reasons for Lion relocation, you're still left with Sariska (Rajasthan). Sariska, being a tiger reserve, would sound unfit for lion immigration. So by elimination, the answer would be 'B', and Indian Express report confirms it."
119
119,"In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply ?",2017-I,"(a) It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger. (b) It no longer exists in the wild, a few individuals are under captive protection; and now it is impossible to prevent its extinction. (c) It is endemic to a particular region of India. (d) Both (b) and (c) stated above are correct in this context."
119,a,Tiger is given as a Schedule I animal. So "A" is correct.
120
120,"According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law?",2017-I,"1. Gharial 2. Indian wild ass 3. Wild buffalo Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
120,d,The schedule 5 vermin - crow, fruitbat, mice, and rat - can be killed. Since the animals given in the above MCQ are outside that list, the answer is "D".
121
121,"If you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which one of the following is the best place to visit?",2017-I,"(a) Bhitarkanika Mangroves (b) Chambal River (c) Pulicat Lake (d) DeeporBeel"
121,b,Gharials are river-dwelling fish-eaters, and their only viable population is in the Chambal Sanctuary. So "B" should be the answer.
122
122,"From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?",2017-I,"(a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (b) Nallamala Forest (c) Nagarhole National Park (d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve"
122,a,"NCERT Class 11: India - Physical Geography. A. Page 17: The Eastern and Western Ghats Meet at Nilgiri hills. B. Page 16: Nilgiri hills are in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Now, if there is a place serving as an Ecological link between Eastern and Western Ghats, then most likely it ought to be in Tamil Nadu, rather than in Karnataka because of the location. "A" is the most fitting answer because it's located in Tamil Nadu."
123
123,"Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC):",2017-I,"1. TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2. The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2"
123,b,"First statement is wrong because TRAFFIC is a joint program of WWF and IUCN. The second statement is correct because it's verbatim from the organization's official page."
124
124,"Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/consequences?",2017-I,"1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected. 2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants. 3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
124,c,"Statement 1 is right (by common knowledge), but for the sake of reference- NCERT Class 12 biology page 30! This eliminates 'B'. The second statement should be wrong because of the extreme word 'drastic'. This eliminates 'D'. Besides, I'm unable to find any specific reference that mentions the linkage between butterfly population vs. fungus infection. Birds and spiders tend to prey on butterflies (by common knowledge), so statement 3 is a possible outcome. Hence, the answer is 'C': 1 and 3 only."
125
125,"Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for",2017-I,"(a) Measuring oxygen levels in blood (b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems (c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems (d) Assessing oxygen levels in high altitude regions"
125,c,"NCERT Class 11 Chemistry: Ch. 14-Environmental Chemistry, page 407. The amount of oxygen required by bacteria to break down the organic matter present in a certain volume of a sample of water is called Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The amount of BOD in the water is a measure of the amount of organic material in the water, in terms of how much oxygen will be required to break it down biologically. Clean water would have a BOD value of less than 5 ppm, whereas highly polluted water could have a BOD value of 17 ppm or more."
126
126,"In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation technique?",2017-I,"1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using micro-organisms. 3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
126,c,"Biosparging is an in-situ Bioremediation technique in which we inject the air under pressure below the water table to enhance the rate of biological degradation of contaminants by naturally occurring bacteria. Hence statement 1 is right. In Google Scholar search engine, it is filled with academic papers on genetic engineering approaches to bioremediation. Hence 3 is also right. But not all compounds are susceptible to rapid and complete biodegradation, and bioremediation often takes a longer time than other treatment processes. So the second statement is unlikely to be correct. Hence, the answer is 'C' 1 and 3 only."
127
127,"In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration?",2017-I,"1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams 2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs 3. Subterranean deep saline formations Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
127,d,"Carbon sequestration may be carried out by pumping carbon into carbon sinks of two types: A. Natural sinks - ocean, forest, soil, etc. B. Artificial sink - depleted oil reserve, unminable mines. So statements 1 and 2 are correct. And deep Saline Formations, in fact, have the highest capacity for this. So accordingly, the answer is 'D'."
128
128,"It is possible to produce algae based biofuels, but what is/are the likely limitation(s) of developing countries in promoting this industry?",2017-I,"1. Production of algae based biofuels is possible in seas only and not on continents. 2. Setting up and engineering the algae based biofuel production requires high level of expertise/technology until the construction is completed. 3. Economically viable production necessitates the setting up of large scale facilities which may raise ecological and social concerns. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
128,b,"US National Research Council report on Algal Biofuel (2012) observed that 1. algae and cyanobacteria biomass production in the U.S. desert Southwest could be perceived as a good use of low-value land by some, but as an intrusion into pristine land by others. Similarly, the use of genetically modified organisms in production systems could affect social acceptability. So this is a social concern. [and it also proves statement #1 wrong.] 2. Open Algal ponds will attract insect larvae invasion and affect predator-prey balance. This is an ecological concern. Hence Statement 3 is right. 3. And the report discussed challenges production and technology. Hence answer 2 and 3."
129
129,"With reference to 'Global Climate Change Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct?",2017-I,"1. It is an initiative of the European Union. 2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets. 3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3"
129,a,"As per their organization's 'About us' page: EuropeAid (DG for International Cooperation and Development) drives and oversees the overall implementation of the GCCA. So the third statement is wrong. By elimination, we are left with 'A'."
130
130,"Consider the following statements:",2017-I,"1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 group of countries. 2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2"
130,b,"As per the timeline given on their official 'About us' page: CCAC was formed in 2012 by UNEP and Ghana, Bangladesh, etc. countries. So the first statement is wrong. The second statement is right - they focus on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants such as methane, black carbon, and hydrofluorocarbons."
131
131,"Why is a plant called Prosopis juliflora often mentioned in news ?",2018-I,"(a) Its extract is widely used in cosmetics. (b) It tends to reduce the biodiversity in the area in which it grows. (c) Its extract is used in the synthesis of pesticides. (d) None of the above"
131,b,"This plant is native to Mexico and spread throughout India. It's an aggressive colonizer, common weed of wastelands, scrublands, and degraded forests. Since it's mentioned under the head of invasive alien species, it would reduce biodiversity in the area. Hence Option (B)."
132
132,Which of the following statements best describes "carbon fertilization"?,2018-I,a) Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,b) Increased temperature of Earth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,c) Increased acidity of oceans as a result of increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,d) Adaptation of all living beings on Earth to the climate change brought about by the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
132,a,"Studies have shown that increased concentrations of carbon dioxide increase photosynthesis, spurring plant growth… Results showed that carbon dioxide fertilization explains 70 percent of the greening effect. [NASA 2016]"
133
133,The term "sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction" is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of,2018-I,a) Widespread monoculture practices in agriculture and large-scale commercial farming with indiscriminate use of chemicals in many parts of the world that may result in the loss of good native ecosystems.,b) Fears of a possible collision of a meteorite with the Earth in the near future in the manner it happened 65 million years ago that caused the mass extinction of many species including those of dinosaurs. .,c) Large scale cultivation of genetically modified crops in many parts of the world and promoting their cultivation in other parts of the world which may cause the disappearance of good native crop plants and the loss of food biodiversity.,d) Mankind's over-exploitation/misuse of natural resources, fragmentation/loss of natural habitats, destruction of ecosystems, pollution and global climate change.
133,d,"Scientists are suggesting that the sixth mass extinction is underway as there is a species loss of 100-1000 every year. The normal background extinction rate is about 10-25 species per year. Habitat loss, overpopulation of humans, pollution, over-harvesting, and invasive species invasion are cited as the main reasons."
134
134. How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from
the Central Pollution Control Board [2018-I]
1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas
the CPCB has been created by an executive order of
the Government.
2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps
reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts
whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams
and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in
the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
134,b,"Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is a statutory organization constituted in September 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. So #1 is wrong. Principal functions of the CPCB, as spelt out in the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, (i) to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas. So the last part of sentence #2 is right. Environment: National Green Tribunal (NGT) was set up in 2010 under the NGT Act, 2010, for the purpose of effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection. The Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles of natural justice. The Tribunal is mandated to make an endeavor for disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of filing. So the first part of sentence #2 is right."
135
135. Consider the following statements: [2018-I]
1. The definition of "Critical Wildlife Habitat" is
incorporated in the Forest Rights Act, 2006.
2. For the first time in India, Baigas have been given
Habitat Rights.
3. Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights
for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any
part of Indi(a)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
135,a,"Baigas are considered as a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) in the Indian Constitution and rely mostly on shifting cultivation, forest produce, and fishing for sustenance, spread over forested areas of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. In 2016, they became India's first community to get habitat rights. Ref: Downtoearth-2016 So, #2 is right. Under FRA Act, district-level Committees have to adjudicate the rights, whereas Tribal ministry only issues guidelines. That makes #3 wrong / irrelevant. By elimination, we are left with answer A: only 1 and 2."
136
136,In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?,2018-I,a) Arunachal Pradesh,b) Manipur,c) Meghalaya,d) Nagaland
136,a,"""Pakhui / Pakke Tiger reserve"" is in Arunanchal Pradesh, so if there is a wildlife sanctuary in Pakhui, it should be in ""A"" for Arunanchal Pradesh."
137
137,The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at,2018-I,a) The Earth Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Johannesburg,b) The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro,c) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, Paris,d) The World Sustainable Development Summit 2016, New Delhi
137,b,"In 2012, Rio+20 (the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development) was held in Brazil…. Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) was launched in 2013 as a response to the call at Rio+20 to support those countries wishing to embark on greener and more inclusive growth trajectories. [Ref: Organization's About US Page]"
138
138,"Momentum for Change : Climate Neutral Now" is an initiative launched by,2018-I,a) The Intergovernmentai Panel on Climate Change,b) The UNEP Secretariat,c) The UNFCCC Secretariat,d) The World Meteorological Organisation
138,c,"UNFCCC secretariat launched its Climate Neutral Now initiative in 2015. The following year, the secretariat launched a new pillar under its Momentum for Change initiative focused on Climate Neutral Now, as part of larger efforts to showcase successful climate action around the world (Ref: ""Organization's About US Page"")"
139
139,Which one of the following national parks lies completely in the Temperate alpine zone?,2019-I,a) Manas national park,b) Namdapha national park,c) Neora valley national park,d) Valley of flower national park
139,d,"From the given options, the Valley of flowers is completely in the temperate zone."
140
140. Consider the following statements: [2019-I]
1. Asiatic lion naturally found in India only
2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only
3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only
Which one of the statement given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
140,a,"Two-humped camels are called Bactrian camels, found in Central Asia’s cold deserts. So, B and D removed. Javan rhinoceros is called the lesser one-horned rhinoceros and found only on the island of Java in Indonesia. Indian rhinoceros is called the greater one-horned rhinoceros. So that means the second statement is false. We are left with Answer A: 1 only."
141
141,In the context of which of the following do some scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere?,2019-I,a) Creating the artificial rains in some regions,b) Reducing the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones,c) Reducing the adverse effects of the solar wind on the earth,d) Reducing the global warming
141,d,Sulphate aerosol particles are very good reflectors of sunlight, and it has been shown, through various climate models, that even if 1% of current incident solar radiation is reflected back in space, a very significant amount of temperature rise on earth can be offset. So, D is the closest match.,d
142
142,Which one of the following are Agasthyamala biosphere reserve? [2019-I],2019-I,a) Neyyar, peppara and shendurney wildlife sanctuaries and kalakad mundanthurai tiger reserve,b) Mudumalai sathayamangalam and Wayanad wildlife sanctuaries and silent valley national park,c) Kaundinya gundla bhrameshwaram and papikonda wildlife sanctuaries and mukurthi national park,d) Kawal and Shree Venkateshwara wildlife sanctuaries; and Nagarjunasagar-srisailam tiger reserve
142,a,Agasthyamalai biosphere consists of Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife sanctuaries and their adjoining areas. So, A is the closest match.,a
143
\143. Consider the following pairs : [2019-I]
Wildlife: Naturally found in
1. Blue finned mahseer : Cauvery river
2. Irrawaddy dolphin : Chambal river
3. Rusty spotted cats : Eastern ghats
Which one of the pair given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
143,c,Gangetic river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is found in Chambal river, says TimesofIndia. Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is a different species. It’s found in Chilika lagoon and salt-water estuaries of Odisha, says IndiaToday. So, #2 is wrong, by elimination we are left with Answer C.,c
144
144,Why is there a great concern about the microbeads that are released into environment? [2019-I],2019-I,a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystem,b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children,c) They are small enough to absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields,d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants
144,a,2017-IndianExpress: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified microbeads as “unsafe” for use in cosmetic products. NGT had earlier directed the Centre to test cosmetic products containing microbeads after a plea sought ban on their use on the ground they are extremely dangerous for aquatic life and environment. So, A is the closest answer.,a
145
145. Which of the following statements are correct about the
deposits of methane hydrate?
1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane
gas from these deposits
2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic
Tundra and under the seafloor.
3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after
a decade or two.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
145,d,As per the NASA webpage: Large amounts of methane are frozen in Arctic tundra soils and in marine sediments including gas hydrates. As Earth’s climate warms, that methane is vulnerable to possible release into the atmosphere, where it can add to global warming. So #1 and 2 are correct. In Methane Cycle, every molecule of methane that goes into the atmosphere remains there for 8 years until it is removed by oxidation into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). So, #3 is also correct. This, answer d: All three correct.,d
146
146. Consider the following: [2019-I]
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Methane
3. Ozone
4. Sulphur dioxide
Which of the above are released into the atmosphere due
to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1,2,3 and 4
146, d,As per google scholar research papers, Biomass burning is a source of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. In addition, biomass burning is a source of chemically active gases, including carbon monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, and nitric oxide. These gases, along with methane, lead to the chemical production of tropospheric ozone. So, answer should be D: 1, 2,3 and 4.,d
147
147. Consider the following statements: [2019-I]
1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into
environment.
2. Cattle release ammonia into environment.
3. Poultry industry release reactive nitrogen compounds
into environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
147,d,2018-June, TheHindu Agricultural soils contributed to over 70% of N2O emissions from India in 2010. Cattle account for 80% of the ammonia production. Poultry industry recorded an excretion of reactive nitrogen compounds of 0.415 tonnes in 2016. So D: all 3 statements are correct.,d
148
148. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for
exposure to benzene pollution ? [2020-I]
1. Automobile exhaust
2. Tobacco smoke
3. Wood burning
4. Using varnished wooden furniture
5. Using products made of polyurethane
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
148,d,Source of benzene pollution is the automobile and petroleum industry. (NIOS Page 167) So, #1 is correct. Benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants generated during incomplete combustion of coal oil, petrol and wood. They’re also found in cigarette smoke and charcoal boiled food. So, #2 and #3 are correct. Benzene is also present in particleboard furniture, plywood, fibreglass, flooring adhesives, paints, wood panelling. Therefore, new buildings or recently redecorated indoor environments have been associated with high concentrations of benzene from materials and furniture. Says NCBI research paper. So, #4 should be correct. Therefore the answer should be d.,d
149
149. With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of
the following statements are correct? [2020-I]
1. It is spread over two districts.
2. There is no human habitation inside the Park.
3. It is one of the natural habitats of the Great Indian
Bustard.
Select the correct answer using the code given below;
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 und 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3149,With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are correct? [2020-I],2020-I,a) It is spread over two districts.,b) There is no human habitation inside the Park.,c) It is one of the natural habitats of the Great Indian Bustard.,d)
149,c,Normally human activities are not allowed in National Park but many villagers lived inside Desert National park, and they did not have access to even basic facility like road, electricity and water. 2017: Supreme Court ordered the government to provide such facilities to them. So,#2 as wrong. By elimination the answer is c. Desert national park is spread in two districts of Rajasthan Jaisalmer &Barmer. So #1 is correct. It is Natural home to the Great Indian Bustard. 3rd Statement is right.,c
150
150,Consider the following statements: [2020-I] 1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited” or “critical” by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA). 2. CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act. 3. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?,2020-I,a) 1 only,b) 2 and 3 only,c) 2 only,d) 1 and 3 only
150,b,The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act.1986,2nd statement is correct. The countries with the largest extent of areas equipped for irrigation with groundwater, in absoluteterms, are India (39 million ha), China (19 million ha) andthe USA (17 million ha). Says FAO research paper published in 2010. So, #3 is correct So Answer b.,b
151
151,Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”? [2020-I],2020-I,a) Corbett,b) Ranthambore,c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam,d) Sunderbans
151,c,Sundarban has Critical Tiger Habitat area of 1699.62 sq. Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Core/ Critical Tiger Habitat: 3721 Sq. Km. If Sundarbans critical Tiger Habitat is smaller than Nagarjunsagar then remaining options are unlikely to have a bigger size than Nagarjunsagar so answer should be c.,c
152
152,If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, what is the implication? [2020-I],2020-I,a) A licence is required to cultivate that plant.,b) Such a plant cannot be cultivated under any circumstances.,c) It is a Genetically Modified crop plant.,d) Such a plant is invasive and harmful to the ecosystem.
152,a,Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, has six schedules. No person is allowed to cultivate a specified plant mentioned in schedule 6, except with a licence granted by the Chief Wild Life Warden. The plant mentioned in the sixth schedule are 1. Beddomes’ cycad 2. Blue Vanda 3. Kuth 4. Ladies slipper orchids 5. Pitcher plant 6. Red Vanda.,a
153
153,Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘Social Cost of Carbon’? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the [2020-I],2020-I,a) long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emissions in a given year.,b) requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.,c) efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.,d) contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
153,a,In microeconomics, Social cost is a concept associated with some type of negative externality. For example, Factories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere. This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records. But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc. These costs are social costs. OECD defines Social Cost of Carbon as the net present value of climate change impacts over the next 100 years (or longer) of one additional tonne of carbon emitted to the atmosphere today. Considering these interpretations, a is the closest option.,a
154
154,In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture? 1. Crop diversification [2020-I] 2. Legume intensification 3. Tensiometer use 4. Vertical farming Select the correct answer using the code given below:,2020-I,a) 1, 2 and 3 only,b) 3 only,c) 4 only,d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
154,d,Crop diversification reduces the need of herbicides. So, #1 is correct. We can save huge quantity of water and energy by knowing when and how much water is required by a crop. Use of tensiometers could be really helpful in providing estimates of soil moisture. So, #3 is correct. Vertical farming uses significantly less water and pesticides than traditional agricultural methods. So, #4 is correct. Therefore the answer should be “d”.,d
155
155,With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements : [2020-I] 1. The leader of an elephant group is a female 2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months. 3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only. 4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct ?,2020-I,a) 1 and 2 only,b) 2 and 4 only,c) 3 only,d) 1, 3 and 4 only
155,a,As per the 2017’s data: Karnataka has the highest number of elephants (6,049), followed by Assam (5,719) and Kerala (3,054). So 4th statement - wrong. In the majority of cases an elephant group is headed by a female elephant, named ‘matriarch’. So, #1 is correct. ’! Answer should be a,a
156
156. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in
Cauvery basin ? [2020-I]
1. Nagarhole National park
2. Papikonda National park
3. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
4. Wayanad Wildlife sanctuary
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1,2,3 and 4
156,c,Caurvery basin lies in the States of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Pondicherry. Papikonda National Park is in Andhra Pradesh So, #2 is wrong. In both of these options statements 3 and 4 are common so we have to accept them as correct without checking. Everything boils down to weather Statement#1 is right or not? Nagarhole National Park is located in Karnataka, and is the in Cauvery basin. So, Answer c.,c
157
157,With reference to India’s biodiversity, Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are [2020-I],2020-I,a) Birds,b) Primates,c) Reptiles,d) Amphibians
157,a,The hindu has covered some of the birds selectively in news but difficult to remember in real life.,a
158
158,Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasinga) that thrives well in hard ground and is exclusively graminivorous? [2020-I],2020-I,a) Kanha National Park,b) Manas National Park,c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary,d) Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary
158,a,Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh is well known for the Barasingha or the Swamp deer.,a
159
159. Which of the following are the most likely places to find
the musk deer in its natural habitat ? [2020-I]
1. Askot Wildlife Sanctuary
2. Gangotri National Park
3. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary
4. Manas National Park
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only
159,a,Musk deer are found in high altitude ecosystems, in the colder part of Himalayas. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary is in Uttar Pradesh. So, #3 is unlikely t be a Natural habitat of Musk deer. In both of the remaining options first statement is common. Now between the Gangotri and Manas, Manas (Assam) is likely to be a lower altitude place so, A: 1 and 2 should be the answer.,a
160
160. In rural road construction, the use of which of the
following is preferred for ensuring environmental
sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint ? [2020-I]
1. Copper slag
2. Cold mix asphalt technology
3. Geotextiles
4. Hot mix asphalt technology
5. Portland cement
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 4 and 5 only (d) 1 and 5 only
160,a,Coir is a natural fibre. Government has allowed the use of coir based geotextiles for construction of rural roads under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana in 2020. So, #3 is correct In the Hot Mix Asphalt technology, Asphalt is heated & poured over stone, sand, gravel, then a heavy roller is driven over it to compact the road surface. If you visualise the entire process, it results into emission of many gases because of heating so, does not seem to help reducing the carbon footprint. #4 is wrong and so the answer is a. Copper slag is a by-product obtained during smelting and refining of copper. Copper slag is non-hazardous, non-toxic material. This eco-friendly industrial by-product is being used in government road projects for the past 3 years now, says the report by Sterlite Copper Company. Research papers published in Springer journal, also tell a similar story. So, #1 is correct, & Answer should be a.,a
