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Biology > until 3, lesson 1-5 quiz > Flashcards

until 3, lesson 1-5 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

what is the digestive system responisible for

A

breaking down complex materials into components that are utilized by the tissues of the body

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2
Q

what are the stages of digestion

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
egestion

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3
Q

what is ingestion

A

taking in nutrients

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4
Q

what is digestion

A

breaking down of complex nutrients
- physical breakdown, mechanically breaking food down (via teeth, stomach)
- chemical breakdown, enzymes break down complex molecules into smaller components

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5
Q

what is absorption

A

transport of nutrients into the body tissue (via blood)

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6
Q

what are the two types of digestive systems

A
  • bag type
  • tube type
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7
Q

describe some properties of bag type digestive systems

A
  • 1 opening for ingestion and egestion
  • some digestion is intracellular, food is taken up by cells that line the bag by phagocytosis
  • some digestion happens in the bag, enzymes are secreted into the bag
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8
Q

what are some animals that have a bag type digestive system

A

jellyfish, hydra

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9
Q

describe some properties of tube type digestive systems

A
  • 2 openings, mouth (ingestion) and anus (egestion)
  • all digestion is extracellular
  • enzymes are secreted into a tube
  • nutrients are absorbed into the cell wall that line tube
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10
Q

what are some animals that have a bag type digestive system

A
  • humans
  • dogs
  • rats
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11
Q

what are nutrients

A

the raw materials needed for cell metabolism

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12
Q

what are major macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acid
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13
Q

what are enzymes

A

protein molecules that increase the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed

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14
Q

what are some examples of carbohydrates

A

starches and sugar

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15
Q

what are the primary functions for carbohydrates

A

to provide an energy source for cells

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16
Q

what are the types of carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • complex carbohydrates
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17
Q

what are monosaccharides, give examples

A
  • one sugar unit
  • glucose, fructose, and galactose
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18
Q

what do glucose do

A

it is a primary source of energy for cells

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19
Q

what are disaccharides

A

when two monosaccharides join together

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20
Q

what are some common disaccharides

A
  • lactose (milk sugar)
  • sucrose (table sugar, fruit)
  • multose (used to make beer)
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21
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

complex carbohydrates that are formed by joining many monosaccharides together

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22
Q

what are some examples of polysaccharides

A
  • starch
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
  • chitin
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23
Q

what is starch and what is it used for, give examples

A

plants make starch to store energy for future use, examples include potatoes and wheat

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24
Q

what is cellulose

A

found in plant cell walls. it cannot be digested by humans, this is fibre

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25
what is glycogen
how animals store carbohydrates between meals
26
what is chitin
makes up to exoskeleton of crabs, lobsters and fungi cell walls
27
define amylase
chemical digestion that breaks down complex carbohydrates, creating simple sugars
28
define disaccharidase
chemical digestion that breaks down disaccharides, creating 2 monosaccharides
29
what are some functions of protein
- used to repair cells - used to produce hair, skin, bone, muscle, blood - antibodies - hormones (like insulin) - enzymes - not used for energy
30
what determines the type of protein `
the amount of amino acids it has
31
what is a peptide bond
a bond between 2 amino acids
32
what is a dipeptide
joining 2 amino acids together
33
what is a polypeptide
more than 2 amino acids being joined together
34
what does pepsin do
breaks the bonds in a protein into amino acids
35
what are the 3 types of lipids
- fats and oils - phospholipids - steroids
36
what are the functions of lipids
- store energy - aiding in the absorption of water - insulation of the body - make up cell membranes - protect organs - used to make hormones
37
what is the most common types of lipid
triglyceride
38
what is a triglyceride
3 fatty acid chains + 1 glycerol
39
what is a diglyceride
2 fatty acid chains + 1 glycerol
40
what in a monoglyceride
1 fatty acid chain + 1 glycerol
41
what is a saturated fatty acid
- no double bond in HC chain - found in animal fat - solid at room temperature
42
what is unsaturated fatty acid
- had a double bond in HC chain - found in plant oils - liquid at room temperature
43
what is polyunsaturated
more than 1 double bond in the hydrocarbon chain
44
define lipase
chemical breakdown that breaks fat into its components
45
why do we eat
- to create energy - to grow, build and repair tissue
46
what are some factors that affect energy needs
- age - sex - body size - physical activity - hereditary factors
47
what is the oral cavity used for
- the site of ingestion - site of mastication of food - increase surface area for enzymes - chemical break down of starch starts here
48
what is mastication
chewing of food
49
how many teeth do be have
32: 8 incisors 4 canine 8 premolars 12 molars
50
where is the hard palate
contains bone at the top and front of the mouth, helps with chewing
51
where is the soft palate
at the back of the mouth
52
where is the uvula
at the back of the mouth, is involved in swallowing
53
what is the tongue
- a muscular organ - positions the food
54
where are taste buds located
within papillae
55
the presence of _______________ in the mouth trigger salivary glands to secrete saliva
food
56
what are the 3 salivary glands
- parotid glands - sublingual glands - submandibular glands
57
where are the parotid glands located
cheek
58
where are the sublingual glands located
under the tongue
59
where are the submandibular glands located
in the jaw
60
what percent of saliva is water
99.5%
61
what percent of saliva is other solutes
0.5%
62
what is the word equation for the digestion of carbohydrates
amylase starch ------------> simple carbohydrates (disaccharides and monosaccharides)
63
what is the mucus membrane
line the mouth and secretes mucus
64
what is mucus
makes food easier to swallow
65
what is food called once it is chewed
a bolus
66
is tongue pushing the food back to swallow voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
67
is swallowing voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
68
what is the pharynx
the common path between food and air
69
what is the epiglottis
covers the trachea while swallowing, preventing things from going into the nasal cavity
70
how long is the esophagus
30 cm, carries bolus through thorax (chest)
71
what is peristalsis
the rhythmic movement that carries your bolus to your stomach
72
how much can the stomach hold
1.5 L food + 0.5 L of stomach acid
73
what is the first sphincter food enters
the cardiac sphincter
74
what is the sphincter food leaves from
the pyloric sphincter
75
once the bolus leaves the stomach what does it become
milky chyme
76
what are the gastric juices in the stomach
- mucus - hydrochloric acid - pepsinogen
77
what does the mucus do in the stomach
coat the stomach protecting the stomach walls
78
what does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach
kills harmful pathogens that may enter
79
what does pepsin do in the stomach
create enzymes to digest protein
80
what are the three parts of the small intestine3
- duodenum - jejunum - ileum
81
what are the 3 organs that add secretions into the small intestine
- pancreas - liver - gall bladder
82
where does majority of digestion happen
small intestines
83
how narrow is the small intestine
2.5 cm
84
how long is the small intestine
7 m
85
do herbivores have shorter small intestines or longer
longer, carnivores have shorter
86
what lines the interior of the small intestine
villi, and microvilli which increase surface area for absorption
87
accessory organs are connected by what
ducts
88
what hormones does the pancreas secrete
- insulin, decrease blood sugar levels - glycogen, increase blood sugar levels
89
what do bicarbonate ions do
neutralize acid, makes chyme more basic before entering the small intestine
90
what is pancreatic amylase
enzyme that breaks down disaccharides and ploysaccharides
91
what do trypsin and erepsin do
break down polypeptides
92
lipase
starts to break down lipids
93
what does the gall bladder store
bile
94
what is the word equation of digesting lipids
bile lipase fat ------> smaller fat droplets ---------> glycerol
95
what does the liver produce
- bile - filters alcohol
96
what are 2 liver diseases
- hepatitis - jaundice
97
what is the inside of your intestines called
lumen
98
what is the cecum
the opening to the large intestines
99
what are the parts of the large intestine
- cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
100
what is the large intestine used for
absorbing water and minerals

Biology (9 decks)

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