Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Unit 4 - 7 Quiz > Flashcards

Unit 4 - 7 Quiz Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes are either grouped into _________

A

Domain Archaea and Domain Eubacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the similarities between Archaea and Eubacteria

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Unicellular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some properties in Archaea

A
  1. Cell walls not made up of peptidoglycan
  2. Live in extreme environments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some properties in Eubacteria

A
  1. Cell walls made of peptidoglycan
  2. Identified using gram staining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some characteristics of Prokaryotes

A
  • unicellular (single celled)
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • small (less than 2um (micro meter))
  • only 1 circular chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some characteristics of Prokaryotes

A
  • unicellular (single celled)
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • small (less than 2um (micro meter))
  • only 1 circular chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Eubacteria

A

represents most bacteria, it is found almost everywhere (including in and on you)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Naming bacteria is based off of what

A

shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prokaryotic lack _______

A

a nucleus and complex organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Eubacteria cell wall and cell membrane made up of

A

peptidoglycan, which is made up of protein and carbohydrates. This is different then the cell walls in Archaea and Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the shapes in bacteria

A
  1. Cocci
  2. Bacilli
  3. Spiral shaped (any other shape)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the prefixes for naming bacteria

A
  1. Mono: singular
  2. Strepto: chain of bacteria
  3. Diplo: pair/two
  4. Staphylo: grape like clusters (groups)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are bacteria names formatted

A

Prefix, shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A bacteria is Gram negative when is _____

A

does not absorb the Gram Stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When a bacteria absorbs Gram stain it is ___________

A

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is knowing if a bacteria is gram - or gram + important

A

To help identify it and to treat it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Flagellum (plural Flagella)

A

tail-like structure that whips around to move the bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Pili

A

small hair-like projections surrounding the cell that helps it to move/swim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Archaea RNA structure and synthesis is different to bacteria, it is closer to __________

A

Eukaryotic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What environments a Archaea found in

A

The most extreme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Aerobic

A

Uses oxygen for cellular resperation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Anaerobic

A

Live in oxygen free environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Obligate Aerobes

A

Cannot survive without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define Obligate Anaerobes

A

Cannot survive in presence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Facultative Anaerobes

A

Will use oxygen if present, but not needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define Autotrophs

A

Organisms that makes their own food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that get energy from eating other organisms/from environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define Chemotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define Methanogens

A

Organisms that produce methane as bi-product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define Halophiles

A

Organisms that thrive in high salt environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define Extreme Thermophiles

A

Organisms that grow best in high temperatures (80 degrees Celsius+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define Psychrophiles

A

Organisms that thrive in cold temperatures (-20 to +10)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many types of bacterial reproduction are there

A

3 types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Explain asexual reproduction in bacteria

A

It happens through binary fission (they split in half). This is the main form of reproduction.
1. Nuclear material doubles
2. Cell divides in half
3. 2 daughter cells separate

34
Q

Explain sexual reproduction in bacteria

A

They reproduce through conjugation. Two bacteria form a connecting tubule between them and share DNA

35
Q

Explain spore formation

A

a type of dormant cell. Highly resistant structure that forms around the chromosome when cell is under some sort if environmental stress such as: high temperatures, strong acids, disinfectants, and irradiation

36
Q

There is good bacteria and bad bacteria, true or false

A

true

37
Q

What are some examples of bacterial diseases

A

Tuberculosis, Bubonic plague

38
Q

What do most harmful bacteria do

A

interfere cell function

39
Q

Harmful bacteria can enter us through food, what are some examples of food poisoning

A
  1. Staphylococcus, when warm is multiples
  2. Salmonella, found in raw eggs
  3. Botulism, deadly and found in not properly canned food. If your cans swell, don’t eat
40
Q

Define Parasite

A

Any organism that enters an organism, lives off the cells and causes harm to the host (can be from any kingdom)

41
Q

Define Pathogen

A

anything that can cause disease

42
Q

What are antibiotics

A

chemicals produced synthetically or by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of or destroy certain other organisms

43
Q

When did the use of antibiotics starts

A

in the 1940s

44
Q

How many natural antibiotics have we found

A

over 2500

45
Q

What are two ways to reduce the rise of resistant bacteria

A
  1. don’t use antibiotics unless absolutely necessary
  2. Take all of the prescribed antibiotics
46
Q

The usefulness of bacteria outweighs the damage they do as a whole, true of false

A

true

47
Q

What are some things Helpful bacteria can do

A
  • recycle dead materials into nutrients
  • clean up hazardous waste
  • help plants acquire nitrogen
  • are important to human health
  • used to produce food and clothing products
48
Q

What are some products bacteria help in making

A
  • Yogurt
  • Cheese
  • Beer
49
Q

What are Saprophytes

A

bacteria that release digestive enzymes into organic material and break down into other molecules that the bacteria and and other organisms can absorb. They are a vital part of the food chain

50
Q

How does bacteria help plants

A

Nitrogen takes up 78% of the atmosphere, plants can’t absorb this, so they need nitrogen from the ground which is produced by bacteria

51
Q

What is Bioremediation

A

the process of using bacteria to treat polluted environmental sites. Example: oil spills, Bacteria only eats the chemicals, and when there is no more oil, they die off. This is cheaper as well

52
Q

Bacteria as Probiotics

A

help in preventing disease. Normally lactic acid bacteria, which is found in food. Can also be Bifidobacteria, which is found in the human gut

53
Q

Are Viruses in a kingdom

A

No, they do not have cells

54
Q

Are Viruses alive

A

no they are not, they act as parasites that need a living cell to replicate

55
Q

How big is a virus

A

20-400 nm (nano meters). Over 5000 flu viruses can fit on the head of a pin

56
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A
  • not a cellular structure
  • inner core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) which is coated in an outer layer of protein called the capsid
57
Q

What are the properties of viruses

A
  • cannot reproduce without host cell
  • do not generate their own energy
58
Q

What is viral specificity

A

when the viruses only attack specific cells. Some Bacteriophages only attack certain bacterial cells, some attack more broad host ranges (like rabies)

59
Q

how many viral replications are there

A

two, Lytic Cycle, and Lysogenic Cycle

60
Q

What are the 5 phases in the Lytic Cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry of phage DNA and degrading cell
  3. Synthesis of viral gnomes and proteins
  4. Assembly of phage
  5. Release
61
Q

How long does it take for the lytic cycle to complete

A

25-45 minutes

62
Q

Explain the Lysogenic Cycle

A

not all viruses cause rapid destruction of the host cell. The host cell copies its DNA and the viral DNA is copied, so through cell reproduction more virus cells are produced. From the Lysogenic Cycle, the virus can then go into the Lytic Cycle

63
Q

Lytic Cycle v. Lysogenic Cycle:
What is the fate of host DNA after infection of the virus

A

Lytic Cycle: takes over the host DNA
Lysogenic Cycle: Becomes apart of the host DNA

64
Q

Lytic Cycle v. Lysogenic Cycle:
What is the incubation time in the host cell

A

Lytic Cycle: releases new viruses after infection
Lysogenic Cycle: releases new viruses after many dormant generations

65
Q

Lytic Cycle v. Lysogenic Cycle:
What is the onset of the viral disease symptoms

A

Lytic Cycle: immediate
Lysogenic Cycle: delayed

66
Q

What do vaccines do

A
  • prevent viral diseases
  • they are a weakened form of the virus
  • helps create antibodies, these antibodies make us immune to the virus
67
Q

What is the structure of Bacteria

A
  • single prokaryotic cells
  • cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA, but no membrane bound organelles
68
Q

What is the size of Bacteria

A
  • 0.5 - 5 um (relatively big)
  • can see with a light microscope
69
Q

What is the shape of Bacteria

A
  • Coccus (round)
  • Bacillus (rod)
  • Spirilli (spiral)
70
Q

Reproduction in Bacteria

A

sexually and asexually

71
Q

What roles do bacteria play in the environment

A
  • most are helpful
  • 5% are pathogenic (disease causing)
72
Q

How can Bacteria cause disease

A
  • direct destruction of cells, and releasing toxins
  • inflammation due to host’s immune response
73
Q

How do Bacteria respond to antibiotics

A
  • most bacteria respond to antibiotics
74
Q

How do Bacteria react to vaccines

A
  • some bacterial infections have vaccines, example: Tetanus
75
Q

What is the structure of viruses

A
  • not alive
  • non-cellular, they are particles of protein and nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
76
Q

What is the size of viruses

A
  • 20 -200 nm (very small)
  • you need a electron microscope to see
77
Q

What is the shape of viruses

A

Geometric

78
Q

How to Viruses reproduce

A
  • hijack other cells to carry out life processes
  • lytic and lysogenic cycle
79
Q

What roles do Viruses have in the environment

A
  • all are parasitic
  • almost all pathogenic
80
Q

How do Viruses cause disease

A
  • Disease caused by cells being killed or damaged
81
Q

How do Viruses respond to antibiotics

A

They don’t.

82
Q

Can vaccines prevent viruses

A
  • some viral infections have vaccines, examples: polio, influenza

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions