Unit 2 Test Flashcards
1
Q
define biological species concept
A
similar characteristics and their ability to successfully produce viable offspring
2
Q
define morphological species concept
A
compares measurements and descriptions of similar organisms
3
Q
define phylogenic species concept
A
the evolutionary relationships among organisms
4
Q
define taxonomy
A
the identification, classification and naming of species
5
Q
describe what binomial nomenclature is, and who is works
A
the two-part naming system of organisms, first is the genus (in uppercase), then species (in lower case). Should be italicized
6
Q
who made the binomial nomenclature system
A
Carl Linnaeus
7
Q
what is classification
A
grouping organisms based on a set of criteria
8
Q
what are the eight ranks in the taxonomic hierarchy
A
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
9
Q
what factors determine which taxonomic hierarchy a species will fall into
A
Anatomical, DNA, Physiological
10
Q
define anatomy
A
the study of structure and from in organisms
11
Q
define physiology
A
the study of physical and chemical functions in an organism
12
Q
why is classification important (5 examples)
A
- discovery of new drugs
- tracing the transmission of diseases so that can be treated
- increasing crop yields
- disease and pest resistance
- environmental conservation of organisms
13
Q
what are the two major cell types
A
- prokaryotic
- eukaryotic
14
Q
what are the 3 domains of life
A
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
15
Q
what are 3 traits of prokaryotic cells
A
- no membrane bound nucleus
- simpler internal cell structure
- usually smaller
16
Q
what are 3 traits of prokaryotic cells
A
- membrane bound nucleus
- more complex internal cell structure
- usually larger
17
Q
what are the kingdoms in Eukarya
A
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
18
Q
what is the formula for calculation magnification
A
total magnification = ocular lens x objective lens
19
Q
what is the magnification for ocular lenses
A
10x
20
Q
what is the magnification for low lenses
A
4x
21
Q
what is the magnification for medium lenses
A
10x
22
Q
what is the magnification for high lenses
A
40x
23
Q
if the power is low magnification what will the field of view be
A
4.5 mm (4500 um)
24
Q
if the power is medium magnification what will the field of view be
A
1.8 mm (1800 um)
25
is the power is high magnification what will the field of view be
0.45 mm (450 um)
26
traits of Archaea (2 examples)
- cell walls NOT made up of peptidoglycan
- live in extreme environments
27
traits of Eubacteria (2 examples)
- cell walls made up of peptidoglycan
- identified using gram staining
28
what are 2 similarities between Archaea and Eubacteria
- prokaryotic
- unicellular
29
what are 4 traits of prokaryotes
- unicellular
- no membrane bound organelles
- small (less than 3 um)
- only 1 circular chromosome
30
what are the shapes of bacteria
- cocci (spherical)
- bacilli (rod shaped)
- spiral shaped
31
what are the prefixes for naming bacteria
- Mono
- Diplo
- Strepto
- Staphylo
32
if a bacteria absorbs gram stain, it is gram _________
positive
33
if a bacteria does not absorb gram stain is is gram negative, true of false
true
34
what is a flagellum (pl. flagella)
tail like structure at the end of bacteria, helps it move
35
what is pilli
small hair like structures that help it move/swim
36
define aerobic
uses oxygen for cellular respiration
37
define anaerobic
live in oxygen free environment
38
define obligate aerobes
cannot survive without oxygen
39
define obligate anaerobes
cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
40
define facultative anaerobes
will use oxygen when presence, but is not needed
41
define autotrophs
make own food
42
define heterotrophs
get energy from eating other organisms
43
define chemotrophs
obtain energy from chemicals
44
define methanogens
organisms that produce methane as a by product
45
define halophiles
organisms that thrive in a high salt environment
46
define extreme thermophiles
grow best in high temperatures
47
define psychrophiles
organisms that thrive cold temperatures
48
describe the 3 ways bacteria reproduce
- asexually (nuclear material multiplies, cell divides in half, new daughter cells separate)
- sexually through conjugation
- spore formation
49
define parasite
any organism that causes harm to the its host
50
define pathogen
anything that can cause disease
51
what are antibiotics
chemicals that inhibit the growth of, or destroy, certain other organisms
52
what are 2 ways to reduce the rise if resistant bacteria
- don't use antibiotics unless absolutely necessary
- take all of the prescribed antibiotic
53
what are some helpful things bacteria do (5 examples)
- recycle dead materials into nutrients
- clean up hazardous wastes
- help plants acquire nitrogen
- are important to human health
- used to produce food, staples, and clothing products
54
what are some products bacteria are used to make
- beer
- cheese
- yogurt
55
what are saprophytes
bacteria that release digestive enzymes that break down organic material (vital part of food chains)
56
how much of the air around us is nitrogen
78%
57
define biomediation
the process of using bacteria to treat polluted areas
58
what is an epidemic
a disease that appears suddenly then spreads rapidly, killing thousands
59
are viruses living or non-living
non-living because they don't have cells
60
viruses do not produce _____________________
their own energy
61
what is the lytic cycle steps
- attachment
- synthesis
- assembly
- release
62
comparing lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle:
what is the fate of the host DNA after infection of the virus
lytic cycle: takes over host cell
lysogenic cycle: become part of the host DNA
63
comparing lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle:
what is the incubation time in the host cell
lytic cycle: releases new viruses after the infection
lysogenic cycle: releases new viruses after many dormant generations
64
comparing lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle:
what is the onset of viral disease symptoms
lytic cycle: immediate
lysogenic cycle: delayed
65
what do vaccines do
create antibodies in the body
66
what are the 3 classifications in fungi, give examples
- the good (penicillin & blue cheese)
- the bad (ringworm)
- the ugly (athletes foot)
67
what are 6 similarities between fungi and plants
- cells a eukaryotic
- numerous organelles
- have cell walls
- most are anchored into soil or other substrates
- reproduction can be asexual, sexual, or both
- stationary
68
what are some differences plants have from fungi (6 examples)`
- have one nucleus per cell
- most are autotrophs
- starch is the main storage molecule
- most have roots
- some reproduce from seed
69
what are some differences fungi have from plants
(6 examples)
- often have many nuclei per cell
- are heterotrophs
- have few or no storage molecules
- have no roots
- often have chitin in cell walls
- none reproduce by seed
70
define hyphae
threadlike filaments that make up the bodies of most fungi
71
what is mycelium
when hyphae grows it for,s a branch, forming a tangled mass, which is mycelium. Mycelium absorbs nutrients
72
how do fungi reproduce
through spores, spores have a haploid number of chromosomes
73
about how many species of fungi are there
100 000
74
what is sexual reproduction in fungi
when spores are the reproductive cells which germinate in suitable environments
75
what is asexual reproduction in fungi
when mycelium breaks apart by fragmenyation
76
what 3 phylums (also can be known as division) are fungi split into
- Division Mastigomycota
- Division Amastigomycota
- Division Deuteromycota
77
explain a trait of Division Mastigomycota, give an example
- produce flagellated spores
- example: plant fungal infections
78
explain a trait of Division Amastigomycota, give an example
- produce nonmotile spores and produce chitin cell walls
- example: bread moulds, and yeast
79
explain a trait of Division Deuteromycota
- known as imperfect fungi
- example: athlete's foot fungus
80
what is one example of how fungi is important in medicine
penicillin
81
define mycorrhizae
symbiotic relationship between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of specific plants
82
what happens during mycorrhizae
plant absorbs nutrients such as phosphorus, fungi in return will absorb nutrients like sugar
83
what is lichen
a combination of green algae and bacteria growing together in a symbiotic relationship
84
what is the theory of endosymbiosis
eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between 2 or more prokaryotic cells
85
what are protists
eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi
86
what are animal-like protists
heterotrophs who consume other organisms for food
87
what are fungi-like protists
heterotrophs who absorb nutrients from dead and living organisms and waste
88
what are plant-like protists
have chloroplast, which allows them to photosynthesis
89
what are 3 benefits of protists
- plant-like protists are important marine producers
- often first order consumers in marine food chains
- symbiotic relationships with coral
90
what are 2 examples of how protists can be harmful
- some protists cause disease
- red tides are poisonous to marine life
91
what 4 characteristics do all plants share
- all are autotrophs
- all are multicellular
- reproduce both sexually and asexually
- most are terrestrial
92
what are non-vascular plants
- do not have xylem or phloem
- examples: moss
93
what are seedless vascular plants
- have xylem and phloem
- reproduce with spores
94
what are seed producing vascular plants
- seeds allow plants to reproduce asexually
- seeds allow embryo to stay dormant until conditions are favourable
95
what are gymnosperms
- seeds that are exposed on the surface of cone scales
- examples: evergreens
96
what are angiosperms
- flowering plants
- seeds contained in a fruit
- reproduce sexually
97
what are the 2 classifications in angiosperms
- dicots
- monocots
98
define cotyledon
a structure in the embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first grows
99
what are 4 characteristics all animals share
- eukaryotic
- heterotrophs
- mobile in at least one stage of life
- reproduce sexually
100
define invertebrate
an animal that does no have a backbone
101
define vertebrate
an animal with an internal skeleton and backbone
102
define tissue
evenly distributed through the body and performs similar functions
103
define organs
made up of tissue, organised to perform certain tasks
104
define asymmetrical
body shape is irregular
105
define bilateral symmetry
body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis
106
define radial symmetry
body plan that can be divided along any plane through a central axis
107
define ectoderm
- the outermost layer in animals
- produces skin, nerve tissue, and sense organs
108
define mesoderm
- the middle layer in animals
- produces muscles, bone, kidneys, and reproductive organs
108
define mesoderm
- the middle layer in animals
- produces muscles, bone, kidneys, and reproductive organs
109
define endoderm
- the innermost layer in animals
- produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, and stomach lining
110
define segmentation
the division of some animal body plans into a series of repetitive segments
111
define sessile
organisms that stay attached to one place for majority of their life
112
what is a feature all vertebrate animals share
notochord (spine like structure)
