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Biology > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define biological species concept

A

similar characteristics and their ability to successfully produce viable offspring

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2
Q

define morphological species concept

A

compares measurements and descriptions of similar organisms

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3
Q

define phylogenic species concept

A

the evolutionary relationships among organisms

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4
Q

define taxonomy

A

the identification, classification and naming of species

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5
Q

describe what binomial nomenclature is, and who is works

A

the two-part naming system of organisms, first is the genus (in uppercase), then species (in lower case). Should be italicized

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6
Q

who made the binomial nomenclature system

A

Carl Linnaeus

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7
Q

what is classification

A

grouping organisms based on a set of criteria

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8
Q

what are the eight ranks in the taxonomic hierarchy

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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9
Q

what factors determine which taxonomic hierarchy a species will fall into

A

Anatomical, DNA, Physiological

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10
Q

define anatomy

A

the study of structure and from in organisms

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11
Q

define physiology

A

the study of physical and chemical functions in an organism

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12
Q

why is classification important (5 examples)

A
  • discovery of new drugs
  • tracing the transmission of diseases so that can be treated
  • increasing crop yields
  • disease and pest resistance
  • environmental conservation of organisms
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13
Q

what are the two major cell types

A
  • prokaryotic
  • eukaryotic
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14
Q

what are the 3 domains of life

A
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
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15
Q

what are 3 traits of prokaryotic cells

A
  • no membrane bound nucleus
  • simpler internal cell structure
  • usually smaller
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16
Q

what are 3 traits of prokaryotic cells

A
  • membrane bound nucleus
  • more complex internal cell structure
  • usually larger
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17
Q

what are the kingdoms in Eukarya

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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18
Q

what is the formula for calculation magnification

A

total magnification = ocular lens x objective lens

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19
Q

what is the magnification for ocular lenses

A

10x

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20
Q

what is the magnification for low lenses

A

4x

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21
Q

what is the magnification for medium lenses

A

10x

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22
Q

what is the magnification for high lenses

A

40x

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23
Q

if the power is low magnification what will the field of view be

A

4.5 mm (4500 um)

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24
Q

if the power is medium magnification what will the field of view be

A

1.8 mm (1800 um)

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25
Q

is the power is high magnification what will the field of view be

A

0.45 mm (450 um)

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26
Q

traits of Archaea (2 examples)

A
  • cell walls NOT made up of peptidoglycan
  • live in extreme environments
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27
Q

traits of Eubacteria (2 examples)

A
  • cell walls made up of peptidoglycan
  • identified using gram staining
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28
Q

what are 2 similarities between Archaea and Eubacteria

A
  • prokaryotic
  • unicellular
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29
Q

what are 4 traits of prokaryotes

A
  • unicellular
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • small (less than 3 um)
  • only 1 circular chromosome
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30
Q

what are the shapes of bacteria

A
  • cocci (spherical)
  • bacilli (rod shaped)
  • spiral shaped
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31
Q

what are the prefixes for naming bacteria

A
  • Mono
  • Diplo
  • Strepto
  • Staphylo
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32
Q

if a bacteria absorbs gram stain, it is gram _________

A

positive

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33
Q

if a bacteria does not absorb gram stain is is gram negative, true of false

A

true

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34
Q

what is a flagellum (pl. flagella)

A

tail like structure at the end of bacteria, helps it move

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35
Q

what is pilli

A

small hair like structures that help it move/swim

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36
Q

define aerobic

A

uses oxygen for cellular respiration

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37
Q

define anaerobic

A

live in oxygen free environment

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38
Q

define obligate aerobes

A

cannot survive without oxygen

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39
Q

define obligate anaerobes

A

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

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40
Q

define facultative anaerobes

A

will use oxygen when presence, but is not needed

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41
Q

define autotrophs

A

make own food

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42
Q

define heterotrophs

A

get energy from eating other organisms

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43
Q

define chemotrophs

A

obtain energy from chemicals

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44
Q

define methanogens

A

organisms that produce methane as a by product

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45
Q

define halophiles

A

organisms that thrive in a high salt environment

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46
Q

define extreme thermophiles

A

grow best in high temperatures

47
Q

define psychrophiles

A

organisms that thrive cold temperatures

48
Q

describe the 3 ways bacteria reproduce

A
  • asexually (nuclear material multiplies, cell divides in half, new daughter cells separate)
  • sexually through conjugation
  • spore formation
49
Q

define parasite

A

any organism that causes harm to the its host

50
Q

define pathogen

A

anything that can cause disease

51
Q

what are antibiotics

A

chemicals that inhibit the growth of, or destroy, certain other organisms

52
Q

what are 2 ways to reduce the rise if resistant bacteria

A
  • don’t use antibiotics unless absolutely necessary
  • take all of the prescribed antibiotic
53
Q

what are some helpful things bacteria do (5 examples)

A
  • recycle dead materials into nutrients
  • clean up hazardous wastes
  • help plants acquire nitrogen
  • are important to human health
  • used to produce food, staples, and clothing products
54
Q

what are some products bacteria are used to make

A
  • beer
  • cheese
  • yogurt
55
Q

what are saprophytes

A

bacteria that release digestive enzymes that break down organic material (vital part of food chains)

56
Q

how much of the air around us is nitrogen

A

78%

57
Q

define biomediation

A

the process of using bacteria to treat polluted areas

58
Q

what is an epidemic

A

a disease that appears suddenly then spreads rapidly, killing thousands

59
Q

are viruses living or non-living

A

non-living because they don’t have cells

60
Q

viruses do not produce _____________________

A

their own energy

61
Q

what is the lytic cycle steps

A
  • attachment
  • synthesis
  • assembly
  • release
62
Q

comparing lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle:
what is the fate of the host DNA after infection of the virus

A

lytic cycle: takes over host cell
lysogenic cycle: become part of the host DNA

63
Q

comparing lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle:
what is the incubation time in the host cell

A

lytic cycle: releases new viruses after the infection
lysogenic cycle: releases new viruses after many dormant generations

64
Q

comparing lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle:
what is the onset of viral disease symptoms

A

lytic cycle: immediate
lysogenic cycle: delayed

65
Q

what do vaccines do

A

create antibodies in the body

66
Q

what are the 3 classifications in fungi, give examples

A
  • the good (penicillin & blue cheese)
  • the bad (ringworm)
  • the ugly (athletes foot)
67
Q

what are 6 similarities between fungi and plants

A
  • cells a eukaryotic
  • numerous organelles
  • have cell walls
  • most are anchored into soil or other substrates
  • reproduction can be asexual, sexual, or both
  • stationary
68
Q

what are some differences plants have from fungi (6 examples)`

A
  • have one nucleus per cell
  • most are autotrophs
  • starch is the main storage molecule
  • most have roots
  • some reproduce from seed
69
Q

what are some differences fungi have from plants
(6 examples)

A
  • often have many nuclei per cell
  • are heterotrophs
  • have few or no storage molecules
  • have no roots
  • often have chitin in cell walls
  • none reproduce by seed
70
Q

define hyphae

A

threadlike filaments that make up the bodies of most fungi

71
Q

what is mycelium

A

when hyphae grows it for,s a branch, forming a tangled mass, which is mycelium. Mycelium absorbs nutrients

72
Q

how do fungi reproduce

A

through spores, spores have a haploid number of chromosomes

73
Q

about how many species of fungi are there

A

100 000

74
Q

what is sexual reproduction in fungi

A

when spores are the reproductive cells which germinate in suitable environments

75
Q

what is asexual reproduction in fungi

A

when mycelium breaks apart by fragmenyation

76
Q

what 3 phylums (also can be known as division) are fungi split into

A
  • Division Mastigomycota
  • Division Amastigomycota
  • Division Deuteromycota
77
Q

explain a trait of Division Mastigomycota, give an example

A
  • produce flagellated spores
  • example: plant fungal infections
78
Q

explain a trait of Division Amastigomycota, give an example

A
  • produce nonmotile spores and produce chitin cell walls
  • example: bread moulds, and yeast
79
Q

explain a trait of Division Deuteromycota

A
  • known as imperfect fungi
  • example: athlete’s foot fungus
80
Q

what is one example of how fungi is important in medicine

A

penicillin

81
Q

define mycorrhizae

A

symbiotic relationship between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of specific plants

82
Q

what happens during mycorrhizae

A

plant absorbs nutrients such as phosphorus, fungi in return will absorb nutrients like sugar

83
Q

what is lichen

A

a combination of green algae and bacteria growing together in a symbiotic relationship

84
Q

what is the theory of endosymbiosis

A

eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between 2 or more prokaryotic cells

85
Q

what are protists

A

eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi

86
Q

what are animal-like protists

A

heterotrophs who consume other organisms for food

87
Q

what are fungi-like protists

A

heterotrophs who absorb nutrients from dead and living organisms and waste

88
Q

what are plant-like protists

A

have chloroplast, which allows them to photosynthesis

89
Q

what are 3 benefits of protists

A
  • plant-like protists are important marine producers
  • often first order consumers in marine food chains
  • symbiotic relationships with coral
90
Q

what are 2 examples of how protists can be harmful

A
  • some protists cause disease
  • red tides are poisonous to marine life
91
Q

what 4 characteristics do all plants share

A
  • all are autotrophs
  • all are multicellular
  • reproduce both sexually and asexually
  • most are terrestrial
92
Q

what are non-vascular plants

A
  • do not have xylem or phloem
  • examples: moss
93
Q

what are seedless vascular plants

A
  • have xylem and phloem
  • reproduce with spores
94
Q

what are seed producing vascular plants

A
  • seeds allow plants to reproduce asexually
  • seeds allow embryo to stay dormant until conditions are favourable
95
Q

what are gymnosperms

A
  • seeds that are exposed on the surface of cone scales
  • examples: evergreens
96
Q

what are angiosperms

A
  • flowering plants
  • seeds contained in a fruit
  • reproduce sexually
97
Q

what are the 2 classifications in angiosperms

A
  • dicots
  • monocots
98
Q

define cotyledon

A

a structure in the embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first grows

99
Q

what are 4 characteristics all animals share

A
  • eukaryotic
  • heterotrophs
  • mobile in at least one stage of life
  • reproduce sexually
100
Q

define invertebrate

A

an animal that does no have a backbone

101
Q

define vertebrate

A

an animal with an internal skeleton and backbone

102
Q

define tissue

A

evenly distributed through the body and performs similar functions

103
Q

define organs

A

made up of tissue, organised to perform certain tasks

104
Q

define asymmetrical

A

body shape is irregular

105
Q

define bilateral symmetry

A

body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis

106
Q

define radial symmetry

A

body plan that can be divided along any plane through a central axis

107
Q

define ectoderm

A
  • the outermost layer in animals
  • produces skin, nerve tissue, and sense organs
108
Q

define mesoderm

A
  • the middle layer in animals
  • produces muscles, bone, kidneys, and reproductive organs
108
Q

define mesoderm

A
  • the middle layer in animals
  • produces muscles, bone, kidneys, and reproductive organs
109
Q

define endoderm

A
  • the innermost layer in animals
  • produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, and stomach lining
110
Q

define segmentation

A

the division of some animal body plans into a series of repetitive segments

111
Q

define sessile

A

organisms that stay attached to one place for majority of their life

112
Q

what is a feature all vertebrate animals share

A

notochord (spine like structure)

Biology (9 decks)

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