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Genetics Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is Genetics

A

The study of hereditary and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next

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2
Q

What is a Somatic Cell

A

A plant or animal cell that forms the body of an organism

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3
Q

What is a Double Helix

A

Two long strands in a spiral shape

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4
Q

What is a Nucleotide

A

Individual units in each DNA strand

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5
Q

What is an Autosome

A

Chromosomes that are not involved in determining the sex of the organism

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6
Q

What is a Homologous Chromosome

A

A chromosome that contains the exact same sequence of genes are another chromosome, but with different Alleles

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7
Q

What is an Allele

A

A different form of the same gene

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8
Q

What is a Gene

A

A part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait, and is passed on form generation to generation

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9
Q

What is a Karyotype

A

A photograph of a pair of homologous chromosomes in a cell

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10
Q

What are the stages in the Cell Cycle

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis

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11
Q

What is Interphase

A

The cells non-mitosis state

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12
Q

What are the phases in Interphase

A

G1 phase (cell growth), S phase (DNA replication), G2 phase (preparation for division)

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13
Q

What happens in the G1 phase

A

Cell growth

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14
Q

What happens in the S phase

A

DNA in the cell replicates

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15
Q

What happens in the G2 phase

A

The cell prepares for Mitosis

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16
Q

What is Mitosis

A

Cell division

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17
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

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18
Q

What happens during Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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19
Q

What happens during Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers guide chromosomes to the equator of the cell

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20
Q

What happens during Anaphase

A

Each centromere splits apart and sister chromatids split

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21
Q

What happens during Telophase

A

chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell

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22
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides, completing cell division

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23
Q

How much DNA comes from your parents

A

Half from each parent

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24
Q

What does DNA do

A

DNA contains the information for carrying out cell activities

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25
DNA is _______
Polymer
26
What do Nucleotide's consist of
Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base, and Deoxyribose Sugar
27
What are the 4 Nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
28
Adenine goes with _______
Thymine, A and T
29
Guanine goes with ________
Cytosine, G and C
30
What is a Genome
An organisms complete DNA sequence
31
What is RNA used for
It is needed for protein synthesis
32
What does RNA consist of
Phosphate, Deoxyribose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base. Except instead of Thymine it has Uracil
33
What are the steps of DNA replication
1. enzymes break the bonds between complimentary (A and T, G and C) base pairs 2. free floating nucleotides pair with exposed bases 3. other enzymes bond sugar and phosphate
34
What is Meiosis
A type of cell division by which sex cells are produced
35
How many nuclear divisions are in Meiosis
2 nuclear divisions
36
How many Cell divisions are in Mitosis
1 cell division
37
What are Sister Chromatids
2 identical copies of a chromosome
38
Meiosis I
The first round of division. Stages include: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
39
What happens in Prophase I
Chromosomes duplicate and remain closely associated. These are sister chromatids. Crossing over can happen during this stage
40
What is crossing over
The exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes
41
What happens in Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes meet at the equator of the cell
42
What happens in Anaphase I
Homologous pairs separate with sister chromatids remaining together
43
What happens in Telophase I
2 daughter cells are formed each containing only 1 duplicated chromosome from the homologous chromosome
44
Meiosis II
Second round of division
45
What happens in Prophase II
DNA does not replicate
46
What happens in Metaphase II
Chromosomes align at the equator
47
What happens in Anaphase II
Centromeres divide and sister chromatids separately migrate to each pole
48
What happens in Telophase II
Cell division is complete, with 4 haploid cells being produced
49
What is Oogenesis
The process of create the female gamete cell. Only 1 viable egg is produced, with 3 polar bodies
50
What is Spermatogenesis
The process of creating the male gamete cell. 4 viable male gametes are produced
51
What is a Zygote
A fertilized egg cell that results from a union of a fertilized female gamete with a male gamete
52
What are Genetic Disorders
a disorder that is inherited genetically
53
What are some causes of Genetic Disorders
1. Gene Mutation (change in the DNA sequence) 2. Chromosomal Mutation (non-disjunction event in meiosis)
54
What are some causes of Gene Mutation
1. Environmental Factors (Chemicals, UV Light, Radiation) 2. Cancer 3. Through sex cells
55
What are the 3 types of Mutation
1. Good Mutation: Allows the offspring to survive better 2. Bad Mutation: Harmful to the survival of the offspring 3. Benign Mutation: Doesn't affect the offspring
56
What is Autosomal Dominant
Dominant gene on a non-sex chromosome
57
What is Autosomal Recessive
Recessive gene on a non-sex chromosome
58
Sex-linked Recessive
Recessive gene on an X-chromosome
59
Co-dominant
Incomplete dominant gene on a non-sex chromosome
60
Mistakes in ______ can result in an abnormal number of chromosomes in an egg and sperm cell
Meiosis
61
If an abnormal gamete is involved in fertilization what will happen
The offspring will have, either, too many or too few chromosomes
62
What is it called when an abnormal gamete has an offspring
Aneuploidy, which is caused in a process called non-disjunction
63
If fertilization involves a sex-cell that is missing a chromosome, the child will have only 1 copy of the particular chromosomes. This is called ______
Monosomy
64
If the fertilization involves a sex-cell that has extra chromosomes, the child will have 3 copies of a particular chromosome. This is called _________
Trisomy
65
What are Embryonic Stem Cells
Stem cells obtained from embryos
66
What are Adult Stem Cells
Somatic cells that have gained the ability to differentiate into different cell types
67
What are Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Specialized adult stem cells that have been induced to return to a stem cell like state
68
With Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, what will happen to Embryonic Stem Cells
The use for Embryonic Stem Cells will become almost zero
69
What are 4 potential uses for stem cells
1. Bone Marrow cells for Cancer 2. Nerve Cells for treating Neurological diseases 3. Cardiac Cells treat Heart diseases 4. Pancreas Cells to treat Diabetes
70
What are Transgenetic Organisms
An organism whose genetic material includes DNA from a different species
71
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
An organism that has had the sequence of their genome altered for a specific purpose
72
What are some reasons why GMO is useful
1. Increase resistance towards herbicides, insects, and/or viruses 2. Increase nutrient value
73
What is Selective Breeding
The process of breeding plants or animals fro desired traits
74
What is Artificial Insemination
The process where sperm is collected and concentrated before being introduced into the females reproductive track. This process makes semen from high-quality males more widely available
75
What is an Embryo Transfer
The process where an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient females uterus
76
What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the females body. Allows a solution for women who's Fallopian tubes are blocked
77
What is the term "Test Tube Babies" referring to
Babies born by IVF, since they are fertilized in a test tube, in a lab
78
What is Cloning
a process that produces identical copies of genes, cells or organisms
79
What is Gene Cloning
the use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a simple gene or segment of DNA
80
What is the purpose of Gene Cloning
To study DNA
81
What is Therapeutic Cloning
The process of replacing an egg cells nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell to produce a cell line of genetically identical cells
82
What is Reproductive Cloning, and why is it controversial
The process of producing genetically identical organisms. It is controversial because of question on how it is used
83
Define Hereditary
The passing of traits from parent to offspring
84
What does Self Pollinate mean
a plant that is often able to pollinate a plant by itself because it contains both the male and female reproductive structures
85
What is True Breeding
all the offspring will have the same trait as the parent when self-pollinated
86
Define First Generation
The first set of offspring from the two parents
87
Define Dominant Trait
A trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it
88
Define Recessive Trait
A trait that must be contributed by both parents in order to appear in the offspring
89
Define Genotype
The alleles inherited from the parents
90
Define Phenotype
The way the offspring look

Biology (9 decks)

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