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Genetics Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Genetics

A

The study of hereditary and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next

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2
Q

What is a Somatic Cell

A

A plant or animal cell that forms the body of an organism

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3
Q

What is a Double Helix

A

Two long strands in a spiral shape

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4
Q

What is a Nucleotide

A

Individual units in each DNA strand

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5
Q

What is an Autosome

A

Chromosomes that are not involved in determining the sex of the organism

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6
Q

What is a Homologous Chromosome

A

A chromosome that contains the exact same sequence of genes are another chromosome, but with different Alleles

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7
Q

What is an Allele

A

A different form of the same gene

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8
Q

What is a Gene

A

A part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait, and is passed on form generation to generation

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9
Q

What is a Karyotype

A

A photograph of a pair of homologous chromosomes in a cell

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10
Q

What are the stages in the Cell Cycle

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis

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11
Q

What is Interphase

A

The cells non-mitosis state

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12
Q

What are the phases in Interphase

A

G1 phase (cell growth), S phase (DNA replication), G2 phase (preparation for division)

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13
Q

What happens in the G1 phase

A

Cell growth

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14
Q

What happens in the S phase

A

DNA in the cell replicates

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15
Q

What happens in the G2 phase

A

The cell prepares for Mitosis

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16
Q

What is Mitosis

A

Cell division

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17
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

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18
Q

What happens during Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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19
Q

What happens during Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers guide chromosomes to the equator of the cell

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20
Q

What happens during Anaphase

A

Each centromere splits apart and sister chromatids split

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21
Q

What happens during Telophase

A

chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell

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22
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides, completing cell division

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23
Q

How much DNA comes from your parents

A

Half from each parent

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24
Q

What does DNA do

A

DNA contains the information for carrying out cell activities

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25
Q

DNA is _______

A

Polymer

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26
Q

What do Nucleotide’s consist of

A

Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base, and Deoxyribose Sugar

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27
Q

What are the 4 Nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

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28
Q

Adenine goes with _______

A

Thymine, A and T

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29
Q

Guanine goes with ________

A

Cytosine, G and C

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30
Q

What is a Genome

A

An organisms complete DNA sequence

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31
Q

What is RNA used for

A

It is needed for protein synthesis

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32
Q

What does RNA consist of

A

Phosphate, Deoxyribose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base. Except instead of Thymine it has Uracil

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33
Q

What are the steps of DNA replication

A
  1. enzymes break the bonds between complimentary (A and T, G and C) base pairs
  2. free floating nucleotides pair with exposed bases
  3. other enzymes bond sugar and phosphate
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34
Q

What is Meiosis

A

A type of cell division by which sex cells are produced

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35
Q

How many nuclear divisions are in Meiosis

A

2 nuclear divisions

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36
Q

How many Cell divisions are in Mitosis

A

1 cell division

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37
Q

What are Sister Chromatids

A

2 identical copies of a chromosome

38
Q

Meiosis I

A

The first round of division. Stages include: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I

39
Q

What happens in Prophase I

A

Chromosomes duplicate and remain closely associated. These are sister chromatids. Crossing over can happen during this stage

40
Q

What is crossing over

A

The exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes

41
Q

What happens in Metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes meet at the equator of the cell

42
Q

What happens in Anaphase I

A

Homologous pairs separate with sister chromatids remaining together

43
Q

What happens in Telophase I

A

2 daughter cells are formed each containing only 1 duplicated chromosome from the homologous chromosome

44
Q

Meiosis II

A

Second round of division

45
Q

What happens in Prophase II

A

DNA does not replicate

46
Q

What happens in Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes align at the equator

47
Q

What happens in Anaphase II

A

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids separately migrate to each pole

48
Q

What happens in Telophase II

A

Cell division is complete, with 4 haploid cells being produced

49
Q

What is Oogenesis

A

The process of create the female gamete cell. Only 1 viable egg is produced, with 3 polar bodies

50
Q

What is Spermatogenesis

A

The process of creating the male gamete cell. 4 viable male gametes are produced

51
Q

What is a Zygote

A

A fertilized egg cell that results from a union of a fertilized female gamete with a male gamete

52
Q

What are Genetic Disorders

A

a disorder that is inherited genetically

53
Q

What are some causes of Genetic Disorders

A
  1. Gene Mutation (change in the DNA sequence)
  2. Chromosomal Mutation (non-disjunction event in meiosis)
54
Q

What are some causes of Gene Mutation

A
  1. Environmental Factors (Chemicals, UV Light, Radiation)
  2. Cancer
  3. Through sex cells
55
Q

What are the 3 types of Mutation

A
  1. Good Mutation: Allows the offspring to survive better
  2. Bad Mutation: Harmful to the survival of the offspring
  3. Benign Mutation: Doesn’t affect the offspring
56
Q

What is Autosomal Dominant

A

Dominant gene on a non-sex chromosome

57
Q

What is Autosomal Recessive

A

Recessive gene on a non-sex chromosome

58
Q

Sex-linked Recessive

A

Recessive gene on an X-chromosome

59
Q

Co-dominant

A

Incomplete dominant gene on a non-sex chromosome

60
Q

Mistakes in ______ can result in an abnormal number of chromosomes in an egg and sperm cell

A

Meiosis

61
Q

If an abnormal gamete is involved in fertilization what will happen

A

The offspring will have, either, too many or too few chromosomes

62
Q

What is it called when an abnormal gamete has an offspring

A

Aneuploidy, which is caused in a process called non-disjunction

63
Q

If fertilization involves a sex-cell that is missing a chromosome, the child will have only 1 copy of the particular chromosomes. This is called ______

A

Monosomy

64
Q

If the fertilization involves a sex-cell that has extra chromosomes, the child will have 3 copies of a particular chromosome. This is called _________

A

Trisomy

65
Q

What are Embryonic Stem Cells

A

Stem cells obtained from embryos

66
Q

What are Adult Stem Cells

A

Somatic cells that have gained the ability to differentiate into different cell types

67
Q

What are Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

A

Specialized adult stem cells that have been induced to return to a stem cell like state

68
Q

With Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, what will happen to Embryonic Stem Cells

A

The use for Embryonic Stem Cells will become almost zero

69
Q

What are 4 potential uses for stem cells

A
  1. Bone Marrow cells for Cancer
  2. Nerve Cells for treating Neurological diseases
  3. Cardiac Cells treat Heart diseases
  4. Pancreas Cells to treat Diabetes
70
Q

What are Transgenetic Organisms

A

An organism whose genetic material includes DNA from a different species

71
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

A

An organism that has had the sequence of their genome altered for a specific purpose

72
Q

What are some reasons why GMO is useful

A
  1. Increase resistance towards herbicides, insects, and/or viruses
  2. Increase nutrient value
73
Q

What is Selective Breeding

A

The process of breeding plants or animals fro desired traits

74
Q

What is Artificial Insemination

A

The process where sperm is collected and concentrated before being introduced into the females reproductive track. This process makes semen from high-quality males more widely available

75
Q

What is an Embryo Transfer

A

The process where an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient females uterus

76
Q

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

Technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the females body. Allows a solution for women who’s Fallopian tubes are blocked

77
Q

What is the term “Test Tube Babies” referring to

A

Babies born by IVF, since they are fertilized in a test tube, in a lab

78
Q

What is Cloning

A

a process that produces identical copies of genes, cells or organisms

79
Q

What is Gene Cloning

A

the use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a simple gene or segment of DNA

80
Q

What is the purpose of Gene Cloning

A

To study DNA

81
Q

What is Therapeutic Cloning

A

The process of replacing an egg cells nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell to produce a cell line of genetically identical cells

82
Q

What is Reproductive Cloning, and why is it controversial

A

The process of producing genetically identical organisms. It is controversial because of question on how it is used

83
Q

Define Hereditary

A

The passing of traits from parent to offspring

84
Q

What does Self Pollinate mean

A

a plant that is often able to pollinate a plant by itself because it contains both the male and female reproductive structures

85
Q

What is True Breeding

A

all the offspring will have the same trait as the parent when self-pollinated

86
Q

Define First Generation

A

The first set of offspring from the two parents

87
Q

Define Dominant Trait

A

A trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it

88
Q

Define Recessive Trait

A

A trait that must be contributed by both parents in order to appear in the offspring

89
Q

Define Genotype

A

The alleles inherited from the parents

90
Q

Define Phenotype

A

The way the offspring look

Biology (9 decks)

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