units 8 and 9 review Flashcards
Mutation is the result of
alterations in the DNA base sequence.
Small living particles, with 3 to 200 genes, that cannot replicate without a host cell are called
viruses
Differentiate between nucleic acid and nucleotides
Nucleotides are the subunit that is polymerized (connected into a long chain) to make nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Mention 2 differences between DNA and RNA
DNA is a long polymer with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone. Having four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone. Four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
What is the final product obtained as a result of digestion of carbohydrates?
Glucose
Name the base present in ATP.
adenine
Write the base sequence in a complimentary DNA if original sequence is
5’ CGGAATCCA 3’
5’ CGGAATCCA 3’
3’ GCCTTAGGT 5’
The enzyme which separate the DNA strands
Helicase
The process of making RNA from DNA is called
Transcription
Define genetic code
the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells
Write the reduced form for FAD
FADH2
Name the linkage formed between sugar and phosphate group in DNA
phosphodiester
Identify the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide
a) Adenosine monophosphate
nucleotide
Identify the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide
b) Cytidine-
Nucleoside
Identify the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide
c) Uridine monophosphate
nucleotide
Identify the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide
Guanosine
nucleotide
List 2 functions of ATP.
stores and transports energy
Explain the difference between transamination deamination
- Transamination- a-amino group from an a-amino acid is transfered to an a-keto acid.
Enzyme: Transaminase - Deamination- an oxidation-reduction process in which NAD+ is reduced to NADH and the amino acid is deaminated, The amino group is removed.
What is the difference between primers and Okazaki fragments?
A primer is a short strand of RNA or DNA (generally about 18-22 bases) that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNAfragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together forming short double-stranded DNA sections.
Name the enzyme that catalyzes transcription.
Polymerase
What is glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
27) What is the final product obtained as a result of protein digestion?
Amino acids
) What is an anticodon and acceptor stem? Where are they located?
Anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
The acceptor stem is the site of attachment of amino acids to transfer RNA (tRNA).
They are located on tRNA.
What is the final product of replication?
- Replication- The result of DNA replication is two DNA molecules consisting of one new and one old chain of nucleotides.
What is the final product of transcription?
- Transcription- The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called transcription
What is the final product of translation?
- Translation- which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation.
What is the major difference between ATP and ADP?
Number of phosphate
Glutamate aminotransferase is the enzyme used in
a) Transamination
Differentiate between anabolic and catabolic reaction.
Anabolic build, catabolic break down.
How many different bases are found in DNA?
four
How many bases are in a codon? In an anticodon?
three and three
What is GTP? In which process is it produced?-
Energy transfer. GTP is involved in energy transfer within the cell. For instance, aGTP molecule is generated by one of the enzymes in the citric acid cycl
List 3 differences between beta oxidation and lipogenesis
Location- Cytoplasm, Mitochondria
Reaction OHOT, CRDR
Carrier- CoA, ACP
Reducing Power/redox agent NAD+, FAD
What are coenzymes? Give 3 examples.
A non protein molecule that bonds to a protein to form a enzyme. FAD NAD NADP
What are the reactant and product of glycolysis?
Reactant- glucose and pyruvate
Product- 2 ATP 2 NAD 2 pyruvate
What is the main function of citric acid cycle in energy production?
In both the process ofenergy production and biosynthesis. It finishes the sugar-breaking job started in glycolysis and fuels the production of ATP in the process.
