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Chem 2 > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Functional groups

A

are specific groups of atoms attached to carbon atoms by replacing a H atom. They define the characteristics of a particular group.

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2
Q

alcohols functional group

A

-OH

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3
Q

aldehydes functional group

A

-CHO

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4
Q

ketone functional group

A

-CO

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5
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

-COOH

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6
Q

Ester FG

A

-COO-

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7
Q

ether EG

A

-O-

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8
Q

amine FG

A

-NH2

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9
Q

Amide FG

A

-CONH2

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10
Q

hemiaxcetal

A

c to -OH and -OR

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11
Q

acetal

A

C to 2 -OR

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12
Q

alcohol

ending

A

anol

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13
Q

aldehyde ending

A

anal

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14
Q

ketone ending

A

anone

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15
Q

carboxylic ending

A

anoic acid

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16
Q

If the H atom in a hydrocarbon is replaced by a hydroxyl group (-OH), it is termed an

A

alcohol

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17
Q

• Primary alcohol:

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl functional group is attached to a carbon that is itself attached to only one other carbon atom

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18
Q

• Secondary alcohol:

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl functional group is attached to a carbon that is itself attached to two other carbon atoms

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19
Q

• Tertiary alcohol

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl functional group is attached to a carbon that is itself attached to three other carbon atoms.

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20
Q

• Polyalcohol

A

An alcohol that contains more than one hydroxyl functional group.

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21
Q

• Cyclic alcohol

A

Alcohols that contain cyclic ring e.g. 1-methyl-4-isopropyl-3cyclohexanol ( Or menthol)

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22
Q

methods of preparation of alcohols include

A

hydrolysis

fermentation

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23
Q

Alcohol can be prepared by the hydrolysis of alkyl halides with

A

moist Ag or aqueous alkali

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24
Q

Ethyl alcohol can be manufactured by the

A

fermentation process of molasses

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25
Q

(Fermentation is the

A

slow decomposition of complex organic molecules into simple compounds by the action of biological enzymes called catalysts.)

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26
Q

which have the highest boiling point… and why?

Alcohols
Alkanes
Alkyl Halides

A

Alcohols have higher boiling points due to inter molecular hydrogen bonding

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27
Q

higher energy needed to break bonds means what for boiling point

A

it needs to be higher

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28
Q

alcohols, Soluble or insoluble

A

soluble in water

29
Q

alcohol organic or inorganic

A

organic

30
Q

what leads OH bonds to H bonding

A

High polarity

31
Q

Dehydration of alcohol yield

A

water
and
a compound with an extra chemical bond

32
Q

what happens to secondary alcohols during hydration

A

removal of an H from the C atom with less H

33
Q

is the process of either loss of H atom or addition of O atom

A

oxidation

34
Q

what increases during oxidation

A

number of C-O bonds

35
Q

when primary alcohols undergo oxidation the yield

A

aldehyde

36
Q

when secondary alcohols undergo oxidation they yield

A

ketone

37
Q

what alcohols do not undergo oxidation

A

tertiary

38
Q

The solubility of alcohol decreases as

A

the size of hydrocarbon chain increase.

39
Q

CH3 CH2 OH —> CH2 = CH2 + H2O

is an example of

A

dehydration

40
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohols yield a

A

ketone

41
Q

In aldehydes is attached to an

A

alkyl group or an aromatic ring

42
Q

Oxidation of primary alcohols

A

yield aldehyde (discussed in alcohol)

43
Q

Dehydrogenation of 1 alcohols in the presence of heated copper at 573 K gives

A

aldehyde.

44
Q

Oxidative hydration of ethene in the presence of palladium is used to manufacture

A

methanal. (methanaldehyde)

45
Q

• The boiling point of aldehydes are

A

high due to the presence of –CO group in it.

46
Q

aldehydes dipole dipole attraction vs alcohols

A

lower than the H bond strength in alcohols

47
Q

Aldehydes/ketones boiling point vs alcohols

A

lower

48
Q

As the size of C chain increase, B.P

A

increase due to the presence of more electrons and thereby more temporary dipoles.

49
Q

lower aldehydes/ketones solubility in water vs larger ones

A

more soluble

50
Q

The oxygen atoms from the –CO group forms what bond with the H atoms in water molecules

A

hydrogen

51
Q

Longer hydrocarbons tend to be polar or non polar

A

non polar

52
Q

Longer hydrocarbons tend to be non-polar and thus formation of hydrogen bonds becomes

A

difficult

53
Q

Oxidation of aldehydes give

A

carboxylic

54
Q

in the presence of AgNO3 and ammonia what happens to aldehyde and ketone

A

aldehyde oxidizes, yields acid.

ketones do not oxidize

55
Q

Tollens’ test

A

aldehyde oxidizes, forms silver layer. ketone does not

56
Q

Formation of brick red solid cuprous oxide indicates the presence of

A

aldehyde with an –OH group. Known as Benedicts test

57
Q

aldehyde with an –OH group.

A

benedicts test

58
Q

Reduction of aldehydes take place in the presence of

A

hydrogen or sodium borohydride

59
Q

referred to as the decrease in the number of bonds between C and O in terms of organic compounds or addition of H atoms.

A

reduction

60
Q

what are catalysts in reduction and product

A

Catalyst can be Ni, Pd or Pt and the product formed is a primary alcohol.

61
Q

If another double bond is also present in the compound,during reduction what occurs

A

catalytic hydrogenation cannot be employed since it will reduce both double bond and carbonyl group.

62
Q

ketones

A

-CO group attached to 2 alkyl groups or aromatic rings.

63
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohols yield

A

ketones

64
Q

Dehydrogenation of 20 alcohols in the presence of heated copper at 573 K gives

A

ketones

65
Q

Reduction of ketones give

A

secondary alcohols

66
Q

ketones cannot undergo catalytic hydrogenation if what is present

A

another double bond

67
Q

oxidation of ketones require

A

breakage of C-C bond

68
Q

Carbonyl group is attached

A

to a hydroxyl group and an alkyl or aromatic group.

Chem 2 (9 decks)

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