Unit 1 Flashcards
Organic compounds are found in majority of the common products such as
medicines, plastic materials and food
Main constituents of organic compounds are
carbon, hydrogen and nonmetals like oxygen, nitrogen, halogens.
carbon, hydrogen and nonmetals like oxygen, nitrogen, halogens. consist of
molecules and not ions
Carbon atoms form what bond
covalent
Carbon atoms are polar or non polar
non polar
carbon atoms have what force
weak intermolecular force
due to carbons weak force what happens to them
they vaporize quickly and has high vapor pressure
what is the boiling point typically for organic liquids
low boiling point
what is the boiling point for organic solids
have low melting points
Inorganic molecules have what bond
ionic
inorganic compunds have what boiling/melting point
higher
are organic compounds soluble or insoluble in water
insoluble
Organic compounds can be represented using two types of formula,
molecular and structural
what form gives a detailed picture of the compound.
structural or expanded
is the general form used in writing a compound’s formula
molecular
is the detailed form written by expanding the formula.
structural
isomers
are compounds with the same molecular formulae but that are structurally different.
they can have different chemical, physical and biological properties.
isomers
types of isomers
depending upon their connectivity: structural & stereo isomers.
STRUCTURAL (Constitutional) ISOMERS:
When two compounds share the same molecular formula, while the arrangement of atoms are different, they are called structural isomers.
How do structural isomers differ
They differ in the order in which the atoms are connected so they can contain different functional groups and / or bonding patterns.
number of possible isomers increase when
carbon skeleton increase in size
what happens In the conversion of one structural isomer to another,
at least one bond must be broken and reformed at a different position in the molecule.
Stereoisomers
are structures with same molecular formula, but different in the way atoms are arranged in 3 dimensional space.
if the order of attachment of atoms in isomers are identical, they are
stereo isomers
There are 2 types of stereoisomers
configurational & conformational.
are an example of 1-propanol, 2-propanol and ethyl methyl ether (C3H8O)
stereo isomers
Conformational isomers (or conformers or rotational isomers or rotamers)
are stereoisomers produced by rotation about central bonds, and are often rapidly interconverting at room temperature
Configurational isomers are
stereoisomers that do not readily interconvert at room temperature and can (in principle at least) be separated.
There are two types of configurational stereoisomers
geometric and optical.
Geometric isomers or cis-tran
are configurational isomers that differ in the spatial position around a bond with restricted rotation (e.g. a double bond) or across a ring system.
differ in the relative position(s) of substituents in a rigid molecule.
geometric or cis tran isomers
Optical isomers
isomers are configurational isomers that differ in the 3D relationship of the substituents about one or more atoms. They are molecules whose structures are mirror images but cannot be superimposed on one another in any orientation.
geometric/ cis tran isomers have what physical and chemical properties
different
optical isomers have what kind of physical and and chemical properties
same physical properties
may have different chemical properties
Molecules that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are said to be
chiral
Examples of some familiar chiral objects are
your hands, feet, and ears.
An achiral object is one that
can be superimposed on its mirror image
Most chiral organic molecules have at least
one carbon atom that is bonded to four different groups
This carbon, often designated by an asterisk in structural drawings, is called a
a chiral center or asymmetric carbon atom
Asymmetric carbon atoms are found in
many naturally occurring molecules, such as lactic acid, which is present in milk and muscles, and nicotine, a component of tobacco.
DIASTEREOMERS:
These are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers (alternatively, not a mirror image).
subtypes of diastereomers
geometric isomers and conformational isomers
There are two types of optical configurational stereo isomers
diasteromer
enantiomer
diastereomers are
optical stereo isomers which are neither mirror images nor which cannot be superimposed.
ENANTIOMERS
They are optical stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images. These structures are mirror images like left and right hands. They cannot be superimposed.
. A molecule and its nonsuperimposable mirror image are called
enentiomer
2 enantiomers of a drug may
may not be equally effective
In the three-dimensional structure of methane, CH4, the hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom are aligned HOW?
at the corners of a tetrahedron.
In a symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds, the overall molecule is polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar.
VSEPR theory predicts that simple carbon compounds will form bonds that are
as far a part as possible
A molecule containing a carbon atom bonded to four chlorine atoms has the shape of a
tetrahedron.
The bond angles of tetravalent carbon are all approximately
109 degrees
As carbon bonds with atoms of increasingly higher electronegativities, the polarity of the bond
increases
Carbon tetrachloride has a polar C-Cl bond. What is the overall polarity of the carbon tetrachloride molecule
nonpolar
Which of the following is NOT typical of most organic compounds? A) high melting point B) poor solubility in water C) low boiling point D) covalent bonding E) high flammability
A) high melting point
Which one of the following is NOT an organic substance? A) an antibiotic B) nylon C) coal D) silk E) salt, sodium chloride
E) salt, sodium chloride
Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of compounds of
carbon
How does a molecule of a vitamin synthesized in the laboratory behave when compared to the behavior of the same vitamin isolated from a natural source (e.g., vitamin C synthesized, compared to vitamin C from rose hips)?
identical in every way
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
4
Carbon atoms always have how many covalent bonds?
4
In a condensed structural formula, each carbon atom is
grouped with its bonded hydrogen atoms.
A formula that shows the arrangement of all bonds in a molecule is called a(n)
complete structural formula. Same as expanded
When drawing a structural formula, the first step is to draw
THE MAIN CARBON CHAIN
Organic compounds that are poorly soluble in water behave that way because they are
generally non polar
What is the molecular formula of benzene?
C6H6
True/False:
Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.
False
True or False There are millions of organic compounds
True
True or False
Carbon has 6 valence electrons
False 4
True or False Organic compounds are always highly water soluble
False
True or False
Most organic compounds are flammable.
True
True or False
Organic compounds can only be made by living things because a “vital force” is needed for their creation
False
True or False
Most prescription drugs are organic molecules
True
True or False
In a condensed structural formula, the carbon and attached hydrogens are written as a group.
True
True or False
Organic liquids are often less dense than water
True
True or False Mineral oil is a liquid hydrocarbon used as a laxative and lubricant in medical practice.
True
True or False
Nylon, polyester, and most other plastics are carbon compounds.
True
True or False
One essential building block of aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen is the benzene ring
True
True or False The chemical formula for benzene is C6H12.
false C6H6
high melting point-
inorganic
flammable
organic
covalent bonds
organic
insoluble in water
organic
ionic bonds
inorganic
2) In a symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds, the overall molecule is A) highly polar. B) somewhat polar. C) nonpolar. D) reverse polar. E) strongly reverse polar.
C) nonpolar. (because of equal pull on each side)
3) VSEPR theory predicts that simple carbon compounds will form bonds that are A) as far apart as possible. B) as close together as possible. C) arranged in a straight line. D) pointed to the corners of a cube. E) pointed to the corners of a triangle.
A) as far apart as possible.
) As carbon bonds with atoms of increasingly higher electronegativities, the polarity of the bond A) decreases. B) increases. C) stays the same. D) reverses. E) becomes inverted.
B) increases. (higher electronegativity, higher polarity)
7) Carbon tetrachloride has a polar C-Cl bond. What is the overall polarity of the carbon tetrachloride molecule? (molecular formula CCl4) (organic compounds are usually nonpolar) A) weakly polar B) strongly polar C) reversed polarity D) nonpolar, E) inverse polarity
D) nonpolar, since the structure is symmetrical (although each c-cl bond is polar)
8) Which of the following is NOT typical of most organic compounds? A) high melting point B) poor solubility in water C) low boiling point D) covalent bonding E) high flammability
A) high melting point
9) Which one of the following is NOT an organic substance? A) an antibiotic B) nylon C) coal D) silk E) salt, sodium chloride
E) salt, sodium chloride
10) Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of compounds of A) oxygen. B) hydrogen. C) living things. D) polymers. E) carbon.
E) carbon.
11) How does a molecule of a vitamin synthesized in the laboratory behave when compared to the behavior of the same vitamin isolated from a natural source (e.g., vitamin C synthesized, compared to vitamin C from rose hips)? A) identical in every way B) usually identical C) Some effects are the same. D) Few effects are the same. E) The natural vitamin is better.
A) identical in every way
12) How many valence electrons does carbon have?
A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five
D) four
13) Carbon atoms always have how many covalent bonds?
A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five
D) four
14) In a condensed structural formula, each carbon atom is
A) shown with all individual atoms and bonds drawn.
B) shown with only the other carbon atoms.
C) grouped with its bonded hydrogen atoms.
D) not explicitly shown.
E) written in lowercase letters.
C) grouped with its bonded hydrogen atoms.
15) A formula that shows the arrangement of all bonds in a molecule is called a(n) A) molecular formula. B) complete structural formula. C) condensed structural formula. D) condensed molecular formula. E) isomeric formula.
B) complete structural formula. Same as expanded
18) When drawing a structural formula, the first step is to draw A) the substituents. B) the most highly substituted carbons. C) the saturated carbons. D) the main carbon chain. E) the functional group.
D) the main carbon chain
19) Organic compounds that are poorly soluble in water behave that way because they are A) highly polar. B) moderately polar. C) covalently bonded. D) generally nonpolar. E) ionically bonded
D) generally nonpolar.
21) What is the molecular formula of benzene? A) C6H4 B) C6H6 C) C6H8 D) C6H10 E) C6H12
B) C6H6
22) Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds
T/F?
t
23) There are millions of organic compounds. T/F?
t
24) Carbon has six valence electrons. T/F?
False 4
25) Organic compounds are always highly water soluble. T/F?
F
26) Most organic compounds are flammable. T/F?
T
30) Organic liquids are often less dense than water. T/F?
True (because oil has less density than water)
27) Organic compounds can only be made by living things because a “vital force” is needed for their creation. T/F?
False
28) Most prescription drugs are organic molecules. T/F?
T
29) In a condensed structural formula, the carbon and attached hydrogens are written as a group. T/F?
T
31) Mineral oil is a liquid hydrocarbon used as a laxative and lubricant in medical practice. T/F?
T
32) Nylon, polyester, and most other plastics are carbon compounds. T/F?
T
33) One essential building block of aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen is the benzene ring. T/F?
T
34) The chemical formula for benzene is C6H12. T/F?
False C6 H6
1) high melting point- organic/inorganic?
inorganic
2) flammable- organic/inorganic?
organic
3) covalent bonds- organic/inorganic?
organic
4) insoluble in water-organic/inorganic?
organic
5) ionic bonds- organic/inorganic?
inorganic
