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Chem 2 > Chem unit 2 > Flashcards

Chem unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Compounds with carbon and hydrogen atoms are called

A

hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Most important sources of hydrocarbons are

A

petroleum and natural gas

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3
Q

Long molecular hydrocarbons are

A

solids, small ones are the liquids and the shortest are gases.

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4
Q

ALIPHATIC: hydrocarbons

A

or open chain hydrocarbons. They are either straight chained or branched. They can be saturated (single bond) or unsaturated. (multiple bond)

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5
Q

AROMATIC: hydrocarbons

A

or closed chain (cyclic) compounds

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6
Q

The covalent bond between carbon atoms is (weak or strong)

A

very strong which is the reason behind long and stable chains in organic compounds. Carbon atom has 4 electrons in the valence shell which makes it neither a cation nor an anion. It shares electrons with other bonding atoms.

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7
Q

carbon cattion or anion?

A

niether

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8
Q

ALKANES: General formula is

A

CnH2n+2

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9
Q

ALKENES: General formula

A

CnH2n

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10
Q

ALKYNES: General formula is

A

CnH2n-2

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11
Q

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS: General formula is

A

CnH2n-6

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12
Q

benzene ring

A

C6H6

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13
Q

ALKYL HALIDES

A

are compounds where halogens replace the hydrogen atoms in alkanes. If H atom of methane (CH4) is replaced by a Cl atom, methyl chloride is formed. (CH3Cl)

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14
Q

alkanes undergoing combustion

A

to yield carbon dioxide, water and energy.

C3H8 + 5O2 –> 3CO2 + 4H2O

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15
Q

Alkanes undergoing halogenation

A

is a substitution reaction when exposed to very high temperature.CH4 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + HCl

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16
Q

Alkanes undergoing nitration

A

Nitration is the reaction between alkane vapor and conc. HNO3 vapor.
CH4 + HNO3 –> CH3 – NO2 + H2O

17
Q

alkenes

undergoing hydration

A

hydration where H from H-OH is attached to the C atom with larger number of H atoms, whereas the OH group from water is attached to the other C atom in the double bond of an alkene.
CH3- CH = CH2 + H-OH –> CH3 – CHOH – CH3

18
Q

alkenes undergoing polymerization

A

is another reaction of alkenes where different alkenes are attached together to form a larger molecule. CH2=CH2 + CH2=CH2 + CH2=CH2 –> -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-

19
Q

the single unit of CH2=CH2 is called a…. and the product is called a…

A

single unit is a monomer. product is a polymer

20
Q

Alkynes also undergo polymerization reactions. When

A

ethyne is passed through a red hot glass tube, it trimerizes to give benzene.
3 CH= CH –> C6H6

21
Q

Alkynes undergo halogen addition but yields

A

2 products due to the presence of 2 pi bonds. Thus ethyne can react with 2 halogen molecules. CH=CH +Cl2 –> CHCl = CHCl

CH= CH + 2Cl2 –> CHCl2 – CHCl2

22
Q

alkynes undergoing hydrogenation

A

where addition with H atoms take place in the presence of N, Pd or Pt as catalysts.
CH=CH + H2 –> CH2=CH2 –> CH3- CH3

23
Q

carbon electron configuration in ground state and excited state

A

ground state 1s2 2s2 2p2.

excited state 1s2 2s1 2p3

24
Q

Experimental evidence has shown that the bond angles in methane are not arranged that way but are ….. giving the overall shape of a…

A

109.5

a tetrahedron

25
Q

Experimental evidence has also shown that the H-N-H bond angles in ammonia (NH3) are

A

107 degrees

26
Q

and the H-O-H bond angles in water are

A

105 degrees

27
Q

It is clear from these bond angles that the non-bonding pairs of electrons occupy a reasonable amount of space and are pushing the hydrogen atoms

A

closer together

28
Q

. In this model, atoms and pairs of electrons will be arranged to minimize the repulsion of these atoms and pairs of electrons.

A

VSEPR

29
Q

The number of these new hybrid orbitals must be equal to the

A

numbers of

atoms and
non-bonded electron pairs (lone pairs) surrounding the central atom

30
Q

Criteria for Aromaticity:

A

1) Pi bonds must lie within cyclic structure.
2) Each atom in the cycle must have p orbital, forming p orbital loop.
3) All p orbitals in the loop must overlap and must be planar.
4) Hückel’s Rule: orbital arrangement must result in a lowering of energy. 4n+2 pi electrons (n is an integer: 0 to 5 usually) in the loop

31
Q

Hückel’s Rule:

A

Obital arrangement must result in a lowering of energy. 4n+2 pi electrons (n is an integer: 0 to 5 usually) in the loop

32
Q

Hydrogenation is what kind of reaction

A

Addition

33
Q

Halogenation reaction is what kind

A

Substitution

34
Q

Hydration is what kind of reaction

A

H2O attaches to CH with more bonds

And H goes to the CH with more hydrogen atoms

35
Q

Nitration is what kind of reaction

A

Substitution h2O

36
Q

What reactions have only a single product

A

Halogentation

Hydrogenation

37
Q

Cis versus trans

A

Cis same

Trans different

Chem 2 (9 decks)

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