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AP Psychology > Units 12/13 (College Board) > Flashcards

Units 12/13 (College Board) Flashcards

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1
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

used to diagnose a disorder
helps to create a level of consistency and standardization to how we diagnose disorders

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2
Q

Disorder

A

clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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3
Q

dysfunctional

A

maladaptive; impairs daily functioning

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4
Q

M’Naghten Rule (1843)

A

A rule for determining insanity, which asks whether the defendant knew what he or she was doing or whether the defendant knew that what he or she was doing was wrong.

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5
Q

medical model

A

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

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6
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

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7
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders

A

a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

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8
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.

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9
Q

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity

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10
Q

schizophrenia spectrum disorders

A

group of chronic psychotic disorders that may include hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, flat affect, and lack of initiative

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11
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

adding of behaviors like delusions and hallucinations

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12
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)

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13
Q

bipolar disorder

A

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes

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14
Q

depression

A

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

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15
Q

major depressive disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months. Must show at least 5 of the following symptoms: depressed mood, withdrawal from activities, weight loss or gain, sleep issues, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, worthlessness, concentration issues, or frequent thoughts of death or suicide

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16
Q

anxiety

A

The condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen

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17
Q

anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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18
Q

specific phobia

A

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function

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19
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

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20
Q

panic disorder

A

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

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21
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

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22
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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23
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

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24
Q

Obsessions (OCD)

A

Persistent, unwanted, fearful thoughts
-Fear of germs, fear of being hurt, troubling religious or sexual thoughts

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25
Q

Compulsions (OCD)

A

irresistible urges to perform an act or repeated ritual
-Repeatedly checking, counting, cleaning, washing

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26
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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27
Q

dissociative disorders

A

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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28
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

29
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

30
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings

31
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

32
Q

conversion disorder

A

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. One or more symptoms that affect body movement or your senses. Symptoms can’t be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder. Symptoms cause significant distress or problems in social, work or other areas, or they’re significant enough that medical evaluation is recommended

33
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

34
Q

factitious disorder

A

nonexistent physical or psychological disorder deliberately faked for no apparent gain except possibly sympathy and attention

35
Q

personality disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

36
Q

feeding/eating disorders

A

Difficulty managing food intake such as a life-threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight

37
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat

38
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting

39
Q

binge eating disorder

A

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

40
Q

substance abuse disorders

A

mental disorders resulting from abusive use of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or toxins; characterized by social and personal dysfunction

41
Q

psychotherapy

A

treatment by psychological techniques rather than physiological; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

42
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders

43
Q

Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist

A

psychologist: PsyD or PhD. cannot write prescriptions. usually conducts research or teaches

psychiatrist: MD. can write prescriptions. treats and studies mental health issues from a medical standpoint

44
Q

psychodynamic perspective to treatment of psychological disorders

A

uses psychoanalysis and looks at the unconscious

45
Q

humanistic perspective to treatment of psychological disorders

A

finds strengths/best self

46
Q

behavioral perspective to treatment of psychological disorders

A

applies behavioral techniques

47
Q

biological perspective to treatment of psychological disorders

A

mind-body interaction

48
Q

biopsychosocial approach to the treatment of psychological disorders

A

looks at the factors from multiple perspectives to treat disorders

49
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

psychological problems are symptoms of inner conflict that was repressed; the goal of psychoanalysis was to bring from unconsciousness to consciousness. psychoanalysis uses free association, hypnosis, projective tests, and dream analysis

50
Q

Client centered therapy

A

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

51
Q

behavioral therapy

A

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

52
Q

exposure therapies

A

treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid; teaches you a new conditioned response to same US

53
Q

systematic desensitization

A

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

54
Q

flooding

A

technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response

55
Q

aversive conditioning

A

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

56
Q

token economy

A

a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given “tokens” for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards

57
Q

social learning

A

a theory that suggests we learn social behaviors by watching and imitating others

58
Q

cognitive therapy

A

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

59
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

60
Q

rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)

A

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

61
Q

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

A

A treatment often used for borderline personality disorder that incorporates both cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness elements.

62
Q

Biomedical therapy

A

therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms

63
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

64
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

more targeted way than ECT; large coil on forehead, not sedated, short pulses on focused areas. As a result, depressed neurons are activated

65
Q

Evaluation of psychotherapy

A

evidence shows that those who seek treatment are more likely to improve, more quickly, and less risk of relapse

66
Q

Evaluation of psychodynamic therapy

A

People better, less anxious after but hard to prove repression and to prove that therapists interpretations are correct. Takes a lot of time and money

67
Q

Evaluation of behavioral therapy

A

Don’t take cognition into consideration

68
Q

Evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy

A

these therapies decrease the chance of relapse and seem to be more effective than just behavioral therapies on their ownd

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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