Units 12/13 (College Board) Flashcards
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
used to diagnose a disorder
helps to create a level of consistency and standardization to how we diagnose disorders
Disorder
clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
dysfunctional
maladaptive; impairs daily functioning
M’Naghten Rule (1843)
A rule for determining insanity, which asks whether the defendant knew what he or she was doing or whether the defendant knew that what he or she was doing was wrong.
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
biopsychosocial model
a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness
neurodevelopmental disorders
a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity
schizophrenia spectrum disorders
group of chronic psychotic disorders that may include hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, flat affect, and lack of initiative
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
adding of behaviors like delusions and hallucinations
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
bipolar disorder
mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes
depression
A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months. Must show at least 5 of the following symptoms: depressed mood, withdrawal from activities, weight loss or gain, sleep issues, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, worthlessness, concentration issues, or frequent thoughts of death or suicide
anxiety
The condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
specific phobia
a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function
social anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations
panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
obsessive compulsive disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).
Obsessions (OCD)
Persistent, unwanted, fearful thoughts
-Fear of germs, fear of being hurt, troubling religious or sexual thoughts
Compulsions (OCD)
irresistible urges to perform an act or repeated ritual
-Repeatedly checking, counting, cleaning, washing
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
dissociative amnesia
Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.
depersonalization disorder
dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings
somatic symptom disorder
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
conversion disorder
A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. One or more symptoms that affect body movement or your senses. Symptoms can’t be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder. Symptoms cause significant distress or problems in social, work or other areas, or they’re significant enough that medical evaluation is recommended
illness anxiety disorder
a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
factitious disorder
nonexistent physical or psychological disorder deliberately faked for no apparent gain except possibly sympathy and attention
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
feeding/eating disorders
Difficulty managing food intake such as a life-threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
substance abuse disorders
mental disorders resulting from abusive use of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or toxins; characterized by social and personal dysfunction
psychotherapy
treatment by psychological techniques rather than physiological; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
psychopharmacology
the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders
Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist
psychologist: PsyD or PhD. cannot write prescriptions. usually conducts research or teaches
psychiatrist: MD. can write prescriptions. treats and studies mental health issues from a medical standpoint
psychodynamic perspective to treatment of psychological disorders
uses psychoanalysis and looks at the unconscious
humanistic perspective to treatment of psychological disorders
finds strengths/best self
behavioral perspective to treatment of psychological disorders
applies behavioral techniques
biological perspective to treatment of psychological disorders
mind-body interaction
biopsychosocial approach to the treatment of psychological disorders
looks at the factors from multiple perspectives to treat disorders
Psychoanalysis
psychological problems are symptoms of inner conflict that was repressed; the goal of psychoanalysis was to bring from unconsciousness to consciousness. psychoanalysis uses free association, hypnosis, projective tests, and dream analysis
Client centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
behavioral therapy
focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes
exposure therapies
treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid; teaches you a new conditioned response to same US
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
flooding
technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
token economy
a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given “tokens” for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards
social learning
a theory that suggests we learn social behaviors by watching and imitating others
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
A treatment often used for borderline personality disorder that incorporates both cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness elements.
Biomedical therapy
therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
more targeted way than ECT; large coil on forehead, not sedated, short pulses on focused areas. As a result, depressed neurons are activated
Evaluation of psychotherapy
evidence shows that those who seek treatment are more likely to improve, more quickly, and less risk of relapse
Evaluation of psychodynamic therapy
People better, less anxious after but hard to prove repression and to prove that therapists interpretations are correct. Takes a lot of time and money
Evaluation of behavioral therapy
Don’t take cognition into consideration
Evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy
these therapies decrease the chance of relapse and seem to be more effective than just behavioral therapies on their ownd
