Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

instinct

A

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

set point

A

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four states of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

refractory period

A

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Estrogen

A

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

James-Lange theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

two-factor theory

A

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

polygraph

A

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

health psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tend and befriend response

A

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

26
Q

lymphocytes

A

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.;

27
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

28
Q

Type A

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

29
Q

Type B

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

30
Q

obesity

A

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. (Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.)

31
Q

physiological need

A

a basic bodily requirement

32
Q

asexual

A

having no sexual attraction to others;

33
Q

affiliation needs

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

34
Q

ostracism

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

35
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

36
Q

catharsis

A

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

37
Q

aerobic exercise

A

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

38
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

39
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

40
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

41
Q

subjective well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

42
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

43
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

44
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

45
Q

grit

A

in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

46
Q

behavior feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

47
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

48
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made.

49
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals

50
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Humanistic psychologist known for his “Hierarchy of Needs” and the concept of “self-actualization”

51
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

regarded by some as the father of the scientific study of human sexuality. Published a series of reports which described common sexual behaviors in the US

52
Q

William Masters

A

along with his colleague, Virginia Johnson, used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)

53
Q

Virginia Johnson

A

documented the sexual response cycle in men and women in stages with William Masters

54
Q

William James

A

along with Carl Lange he proposed that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus; stimulus -> arousal -> emotion

55
Q

Walter Cannon

A

He along with Philip Bard concluded that our bodily responses and experienced emotions occur separately but simultaneously

56
Q

Stanley Schachter

A

he along with Jerome Singer demonstrated that how we appraise or interpret our emotions also matters. Created two-factor theory of emotion: to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

57
Q

Robert Zajonc

A

he along with Joseph LeDoux believed that some emotional responses are immediate before any conscious appraisal

58
Q

Robert LeDoux

A

he along with Robert Zajonc believed that some emotional responses are immediate before any conscious appraisal

59
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

American psychologist who concluded that some emotional responses do not require conscious thought

60
Q

Paul Ekman

A

theory that facial expressions are universal

61
Q

Hans Selye

A

A psychologist that created the general adaptation syndrome theory.

62
Q

Martin Seligman

A

researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology

AP Psychology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions