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AP Psychology > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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2
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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3
Q

Fetus

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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4
Q

Embryo

A

stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks

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5
Q

teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

Attachment

A

The strong bond (social-emotional) a child forms with his or her primary caregiver.

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7
Q

Maturation

A

the internally programmed growth of a child

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8
Q

Assimilation

A

the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure

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9
Q

Accommodation

A

in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality

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10
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

the first stage in Piaget’s theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli

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11
Q

Object Permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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12
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

the second stage in Piaget’s theory, marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language

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13
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

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14
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

the third of Piaget’s stages, when a child understands conversation but still is incapable of abstract thought

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15
Q

Conservation

A

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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16
Q

Theory of Mind

A

an awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own

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17
Q

Temperament

A

individuals characteristic manner of behavior or reaction assumed to have a strong genetic basis

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18
Q

Adolescence

A

the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood

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19
Q

Puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

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20
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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21
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Physical features that are associated with gender but that are not directly involved in reproduction.

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22
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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23
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; “The Strange Situation”: observation of parent/child attachment

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24
Q

Erik Erikson

A

8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting “Who am I?”

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25
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they scored different on Kohlberg’s scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles.

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26
Q

Jonathan Haidt

A

Theorist who proposed that moral thoughts were not necessarily logical, because they are prompted by moral feelings, which are the equivalent of gut feelings.

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27
Q

Harry Harlow

A

development, contact/creature comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire “mothers;” showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort

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28
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is “Heinz” who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

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29
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting; Lorenz’ Geese

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30
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accommodation

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31
Q

Mark Rosenzweig

A

demonstrated the consequences for being raised in an impoverished to enriched, complex environment

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32
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research

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33
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant

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34
Q

Habituation

A

a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions

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35
Q

Cognition

A

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

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36
Q

Schema

A

In observational learning, a generalized idea that captures the important components, but not every exact detail. Pertaining to memory and person perception, a generalized idea about objects, people, and events that are encountered frequently.

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37
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

38
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

39
Q

Critical Period

A

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

40
Q

Basic Trust

A

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

41
Q

Self Concept

A

a sense of one’s identity and personal worth

42
Q

Gender Typing

A

The process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender.

43
Q

Social Learning theory

A

Bandura’s view of human development; emphasizes interaction

44
Q

Gender

A

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

45
Q

Testosterone

A

a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes

46
Q

Role

A

the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group

47
Q

Gender Identity

A

your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female

48
Q

menarche

A

the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman

49
Q

social identity

A

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

50
Q

emerging adulthood

A

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

51
Q

menopause

A

the time in a woman’s life in which the menstrual cycle ends

52
Q

cross-sectional study

A

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

53
Q

longitudinal study

A

Research in which the same people are restudies and retested over a long period

54
Q

social clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

55
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

56
Q

aggression

A

violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked

57
Q

gender role

A

the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness

58
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operational
59
Q

attachment

A

the powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called

60
Q

scaffold

A

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

61
Q

strange situation

A

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed

62
Q

secure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

63
Q

insecure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

64
Q

sex

A

in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females

65
Q

relational aggression

A

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

66
Q

androgyny

A

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

67
Q

transgender

A

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

68
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

69
Q

identity

A

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

70
Q

X chromosome

A

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

71
Q

Y chromosome

A

the sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

72
Q

spermarche

A

first occurrence of ejaculation

73
Q

intersex

A

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

74
Q

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

75
Q

sexual orientation

A

our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation); variations include attraction toward both sexes (bisexual orientation)

76
Q

neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

A

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

77
Q

Trust v. Mistrust (Erikson)

A

birth to one year, infancy - if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

78
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)

A

(1 -3) Erikson’s stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

79
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

A

(3 -6) Erikson’s third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

80
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

A

7-11 years - Children busily learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior and unable to do anything well.

81
Q

identity vs. role confusion (Erikson)

A

12-19 yr, most crucial teens struggle with identity crisis, if healthy experimentation is fostered they attain identity achievement; if not, they face insecurity and low self-worth

82
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)

A

Adulthood: Young adults seek companionship or love or become isolated from others fearing rejection or disappointment

83
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)

A

40-60 years. favorable resolution results in an individual capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society. If this crisis is not overcome, one acquires a sense of stagnation and may become self-indulgent, bored, and self-centered

84
Q

preconventional morality

A

first level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the child’s behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

85
Q

conventional morality

A

second level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the child’s behavior is governed by conforming to the society’s norms of behavior

86
Q

post conventional morality

A

Kohlberg’s highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality, developed by the adult and which supersedes society’s rules, laws, and restrictions

87
Q

Integrity v. Despair (Erikson)

A

late 60s to death, late adulthood - when reflecting on their life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

88
Q

Imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

89
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

her theory of parenting styles had four main types (permissive, authoritative, & authoritarian, uninvolved)

90
Q

intimacy

A

a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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