Unit 7 Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information.
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system.
storage
the retention of encoded information over time.
retrieval
the process of getting formation out of memory.
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously.
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing.
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experience.
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information.
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection- memory of how to do something, such as riding a bike.
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of the incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information.
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second.
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled for about 3 or 4 seconds.
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice.
Semantic Encoding
The encoding of meaning.
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
hippocampus
a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
cerebellum
the back of the brain that stores implicit memories.
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
long-term potentiation
an increase in a synapses’ firing potential after brief, rapids stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when leaning material for a second time.
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception.
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Primacy Effect
Remembering items at the beginning of a list.
Recency Effect
Remembering items at the end of a list.
