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AP Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

empiricism

A

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

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2
Q

structuralism

A

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

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3
Q

functionalism

A

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish

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4
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

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5
Q

humanistic psychology

A

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth

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6
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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7
Q

psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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8
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

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9
Q

natural selection

A

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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10
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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11
Q

biological psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes

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12
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection

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13
Q

psychodynamic psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

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14
Q

behavioral psychology

A

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

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15
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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16
Q

social-cultural psychology

A

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

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17
Q

psychometrics

A

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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18
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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19
Q

developmental psychology

A

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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20
Q

educational psychology

A

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

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21
Q

personality psychology

A

the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

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22
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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23
Q

applied research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

24
Q

industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

A

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

25
Q

human factors psychology

A

the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments

26
Q

counseling psychology

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

27
Q

clinical psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

28
Q

psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

29
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato’s metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

30
Q

Francis Bacon

A

English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it’s necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method

31
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association

32
Q

Charles Darwin

A

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

33
Q

Rene Descartes

A

French nativist philosopher; proponent of dualism; argued that “threads” within the body control movement, and that some behaviors occur without thought

34
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820’s, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

35
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

36
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

american psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association

37
Q

William James

A

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

38
Q

John Locke

A

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a “social contract” in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

39
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual’s motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence

40
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

41
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accommodation

42
Q

Plato

A

Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled

43
Q

Rosalie Rayner

A

graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion

44
Q

Carl Rogers

A

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

45
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism’s reinforcement history; worked with pigeons

46
Q

Socrates

A

Greek philosopher; socratic method–questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth

47
Q

E. B. Titchener

A

introduced structuralism (understanding structure of the mind), used introspection (looking inward) to reveal the structure of the mind

48
Q

Margaret Floyd Washburn

A

Was the first female PhD in psychology

49
Q

John B. Watson

A

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

50
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879;critical thinking thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

51
Q

Introspection

A

a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

52
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

53
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

54
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

55
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced effect

56
Q

SQ3R

A

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

57
Q

community psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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