Unit X - Personality Flashcards
What is personality?
an individual’s
characteristic pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting
UNDERLIES all that makes US US
What theories inform our understanding of personality?
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Trait
Social-cognitive
What are the psychodynamic theories?
DYNAMIC interaction
between the conscious mind and unconscious mind, including associated motives and
conflicts.
How are psychodynamic theories related to psychoanalysis?
DERIVED from Freud’s psychoanalysis -> Childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
How did Sigmund Freud’s treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind?
In treating patients whose disorders had no CLEAR physical explanation, Freud concluded that these problems reflected UNACCEPTABLE thoughts and feelings, hidden away in the UNCONSCIOUS mind
Freud’s psychological disorders
Lost feeling in hand-> fear of touching genitals
Blindness/deafness -> people didn’t want to see/hear something arousing anxiety
What is the unconscious?
reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
How did Sigmund Freud explore the unconscious?
free association
dream analysis
free association
method of exploring the unconscious in which the person
relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter
how trivial or embarrassing.
How is Freud’s view of the mind depicted?
ICEBERG
mind mostly hidden beneath conscious surface
How did Freud view the mind?
Mind most HIDDEN
ICEBERG with conscious as tips
unconscious at under water
What did Freud believe about the unconscious?
REPRESSION
Without awareness, the unconscious POWERFULLY INFLUENCES us
What was Freud’s belief about human personality?
CONFLICT between impulse and restraint
Personality arise from efforts to RESOLVE this basic conflict
Freud’s proposition
Id
Ego
Superego
the id
a reservoir of unconscious
psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive DRIVES
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
the ego
the largely conscious,
“EXECUTIVE” part of personality that MEDIATES among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
REALITY PRINCIPLE
pleasure principle
immediate gratification
reality principle
satisfying the id’s desires and the superego’s restraints in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
the superego
the part of personality
that represents INTERNALIZED ideals and provides STANDARDS for JUDGMENT (the conscience) and for future ASPIRATIONS
What is the role of the ego?
Because the superego’s demands often oppose the id’s, the ego struggles to reconcile the two.
What developmental stages did Freud propose?
Freud believed that children pass through a series of PYSCHOSEXUAL stages, during which the ID’S pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body called EROGENOUS ZONES
0-18 months ero. zone
ORAL
mouth pleasure -> sucking biting chewing
18-36 months ero zone
ANAL
pleasure -> bowel/ bladder elimination- coping with demands for control
3-6 years ero zone
PHALLIC
pleasure-> genitals -> incestuous feelings
6 years - puberty ero zone
LATENCY
dominant sexual feelings
Puberty ero zone
GENITAL
Maturation of sexual interests
What is the Oedipus complex?
Oedipus -> killed dad married mom
PHALLIC stage -> boys develop unconscious sexual desires for mother and jealousy towards father
How did Freud believe the child reduced the threat of the Oedipus complex?
COPED with threatening feelings by REPRESSION and IDENTIFYING with rival parent
SUPEREGOS gain strengths-> incorporate parental values
What is the Electra complex?
Parallel idea for girls
IDENTIFICATION with mother figure to DIFFUSE unconscious tension
forming gender identity
IDENTIFICATION with same sex parent
SENSE of male, female, or combo
What is fixation?
LINGERING focus of pleasure-seeking energies
at an earlier psychosexual stage, in
which conflicts were UNRESOLVED
How does unresolved conflicts result in maladaptive behavior in adult years?
At any point in the oral, anal, or phallic stages,
strong conflict could lock, or fixate, the person’s
pleasure-seeking energies in that stage.
What is an example of a fixation?
ORAL overindulged-> fixate at oral stage -> passive dependence/ exaggerate denial of dependence
ORAL GRATIFICATION
How did Freud believe people defended themselves against anxiety?
defense mechanisms —tactics that reduce
or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
Defense mechanisms
RRPRDSD
Regression Reaction formation Projection Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Denial
Regression
Retreating to earlier psychosexual stages due to fixation
Regression example
Going to grandmother’s house to play cards and eat cookies
Reaction formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into opposites
Reaction formation example
Making big show about expressing indifference at “stupid soccer team”
Projection
Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to otters
Projection example
Talks a lot about how mad his parents is at the coach
Rationalization
Offering self justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions
Rationalization example
Explains he wasn’t working very hard and could have made the team if he really wanted to
Displacement
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Displacement example
Yelling at little brother for no real reason
Sublimation
Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
Sublimation example
Decides to join cross country running team where all are accepted
Denial
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
Denial example
Insists that there was an error on the team list and he is going to set things right with the coach
What are defense mechanisms
the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
how did Freud believe defensive mechanism function?
For Freud, all defense mechanisms function
INDIRECTLY and UNCONSCIOUSLY
ego unconsciously defend itself against anxiety.
What is repression?
basic defense
mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
UNDERLIES all other defense mechanisms
What are “Freudian slips?”
GLIMPSE into the UNCONSCIOUS
Freud also viewed jokes as expressions of repressed sexual and aggressive tendencies.
What did Freud believe about dreams?
ROYAL ROAD to unconscious
Manifest content is a CENSORED expression of latent content
INNER CONFLICT
Who were the neo-Freudians?
Pioneering psychoanalysts who adopted Freud’s interviewing techniques and basic ideas
Who was Alfred Adler?
Struggled with childhood illness and accidents
Believed much of behavior driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings
Who was Karen Horney?
Horney said childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security.
She also opposed Freud’s assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer “penis envy
Who was Carl Jung?
Jung believed the unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings.
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS, a common reservoir of images, or archetypes, derived from our species’
universal experiences.
What are examples of archetypes?
Hero, Rebel, Caregiver, Innocent -> examples of twelve archetypes
DEEP EMOTIONS
dominate personality
What is the collective unconscious?
explains why, for many people, spiritual concerns are deeply rooted and why people in different cultures share certain myths (such as the flood myth) and images.
Does collective unconscious still applies today?
Discounted by many
Evolutionary history shaped some universal dispositions
What is a projective test?
a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Personality test vs objective questionnaires
Road into unconscious to unearth residue of early childhood experiences
What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings
and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous
scenes
How does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) work?
“As a rule,” said Henry Murray, developer of the TAT, “the subject leaves the test happily unaware that he has presented the psychologist with what amounts to an X-ray of his inner self.”
VALID and RELIABLE map of people’s implicit motives
What is the Rorschach inkblot test?
the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by
Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
How does the Rorschach inkblot test work?
people tell what they see in a series of symmetrical inkblots.
Cherished by some/ seen as being subjective by others
How is the Rorschach inkblot test criticized?
Unreliable/ invalid
Inaccurately diagnosed many healthy adults as pathological