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AP Psychology > Unit V - States of Consciousness > Flashcards

Unit V - States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sleep?

A

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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2
Q

What is the circadian rhythm?
circa = “about”
diem = “day”

A

Our bodies roughly

synchronize with the 24-hour cycle of day and night thanks to an internal biological clock

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3
Q

What does the circadian rhythm impact?

A

Sleep-wake cycles, temperature, hormonal, and digestive cycles

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4
Q

How does the circadian rhythm affect our daily functioning?

A

Body temperature rises as dawn nears, peaks during the day, dips in the afternoon then drops again in the evening.

Thinking and memory improve as we approach our daily peak in circadian arousal.

Age and experience may alter our circadian rhythm.

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5
Q

How do psychologists research biological rhythms that occur during sleep?

A

EEG records brain wave activity while sleeping.

Varying wave patterns occur during sleep.

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6
Q

What are alpha waves?

A

Relatively slow alpha waves of awake but relaxed state

Then you slowly enter sleep

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7
Q

What will be recorded as you move into sleep?

A

We seem unaware of the moment we fall into sleep, but someone watching our brain waves could tell.

Lower amplitude

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of sleep stages?

A

NREM sleep

REM sleep

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9
Q

What is NREM sleep?

A

non-rapid eye
movement sleep; encompasses all
sleep stages except for REM sleep

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10
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

rapid eye movement
sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams
commonly occur

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11
Q

What is NREM -1 stage sleep?

A

You may experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations, sensation of falling or floating weightlessly, a leg or arm may jerk

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12
Q

What are hypnagogic sensations?

A

Occurs during NREM-1 sleep

Imagined sensations that seems very realistic

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13
Q

What is NREM -2 stage sleep?

A

Relax more deeply
Begin about 20 minutes of NREM-2 sleep
Periodic sleep spindles — bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity, and K-complexes.

Point at which you can considered asleep

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14
Q

What is NREM -3 stage sleep?

A 
Last stage of slow-wave sleep
Last about 30 minutes
Hard to awake
Brain emits large, slow delta waves
Causes you to miss loud noises
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15
Q

How do we move through the stages of sleep in a night?

A

Cycling through sleep stages is like being
on a roller coaster.

REM increases as night progresses

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16
Q

REM sleeps comes directly after…

A

NREM-2 sleep

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17
Q

How does the stages of sleep progress?

A 
Awake
NREM-1
NREM-2
NREM-3
NREM-2
REM
NREM-2
NREM-3
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18
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

rapid eye movement

sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

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19
Q

Why is REM sleep known as paradoxical sleep?

A

Muscles are relaxed while other body systems are active

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20
Q

How do researchers study REM?

A

Using an EEG, researchers were able to see that the sleeper’s eyes moved rapidly from left to right
while emitting rapid, saw-toothed brain waves.

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21
Q

What physiological events occur during REM?

A

heart rate rises
breathing becomes rapid/irregular
genitals become aroused- erection/vaginal lubrication
muscle paralysis occurs

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22
Q

How does sleep change as we age?

A

As people age, sleep becomes
more fragile, with awakenings
common among older adults.

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23
Q

How do biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns

A

Sleep patterns are genetically influenced, but they are also culturally influenced.

In Britain, Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United States, adults average 7 hours of sleep a night on work days, 7-8 hours on other days

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24
Q

Why do American students get less sleep than their Australian counterparts?

A

earlier school start times
increased extracurricular activities
lack of parent-set (and enforced) bedtimes

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25
Q

What three environmental factors play a role in our biological ability to sleep?

A

Modern electric lighting
Shift work
Social media diversions

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26
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm

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27
Q

In response to light, the SCN causes the brain’s pineal gland to…

A

decrease its production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin in
the morning and to increase it in the evening thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.

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28
Q

How does the SCN react during the day?

A

Light striking retina signals SCN to suppress the pineal gland’s production of sleep hormone melatonin

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29
Q

How does the SCN react at night?

A

At night, the SCN
quiets down, allowing the pineal
gland to release melatonin into the
bloodstream

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30
Q

What are sleep’s functions?

A 
Protection
Recuperation
Restoration & Rebuilding
Feeds creative thinking
Support Growth
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31
Q

How does sleep provide protection?

A

Ancestors better off to sleep in a cave out of harm’s way

Those who didn’t wander around dark cliffs were more likely to have kids

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32
Q

How does sleep provide recuperation?

A

Sleep helps to restore immune system and repair brain tissue

Resting neurons time to repair while pruning unused connections

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33
Q

How does sleep provide restoration & rebuilding?

A

Sleep consolidates our memories by replaying recent learning

and strengthening neural connections.

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34
Q

How does sleep feeds creative thinking?

A

Dreams can inspire noteworthy artistic and scientific achievements.
A complete night’s sleep gives a boost to
our thinking and learning.

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35
Q

How does sleep supports growth?

A

During slow-wave sleep, which occurs mostly in the first half of a night’s sleep, the pituitary gland releases human growth hormone, which is necessary for muscle development.

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36
Q

Who were two major figures in consciousness research?

A

William James

Sigmund Freud

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37
Q

What did William James believe about consciousness?

A

James discussed a continuous “stream of consciousness,” with each moment flowing into
the next.

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38
Q

What did Sigmund Freud believe about consciousness?

A

Freud believed the
unconscious was a hiding place for our most anxiety-provoking ideas and emotions, and that
uncovering those hidden thoughts could lead to healing.

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39
Q

What is the place of consciousness in psychology’s history?

A

Early half of 20th century, study of consciousness abandoned for behaviorism
After 1960, study of mental process rebounded due to neuroscience linking brain activity to consciousness

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40
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

One part of dual processing of two track minds

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41
Q

What are some aspects about consciousness?

A

Although much of our information

processing is conscious, more is unconscious and automatic — outside our awareness.

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42
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

social interaction in
which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject)
that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur.

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43
Q

Altered states of consciousness that occur spontaneously

A

Daydreaming
Drowsiness
Dreaming

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44
Q

Altered states of consciousness that are physiologically induced

A

Hallucinations
Orgasm
Food or oxygen starvation

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45
Q

Altered states of consciousness that are psychologically induced

A

Sensory deprivation
Hypnosis
Meditation

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46
Q

Can anyone experience hypnosis?

A

To some extent, we are all suggestible.
Highly hypnotizable people, about 20% of us, are usually very imaginative.
Children also make good subjects for hypnosis.

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47
Q

Can you recall forgotten events?

A

NOPE
Life experiences are not stored in memory banks
Memories retrieved through hypnosis combine fact with fiction

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48
Q

What is the post-hypnotic suggestion?

A

suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer
hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

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49
Q

How effective are post-hypnotic suggestions?

A

Helped to alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related anxiety and skin disorders

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50
Q

Can I be forced to act against my will?

A

Hypnosis can suggest to perform an action but can’t force you to do something against your will

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51
Q

What is hypnotherapy

A

Hypnotherapists try to help patients harness their

own healing powers.

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52
Q

What results has hypnosis brought about?

A

the average client whose therapy was supplemented with hypnosis showed greater improvement than 70 percent of other therapy patients.
Hypnosis seemed especially helpful for
the treatment of obesity. but not as effective to drug, alcohol, or smoking addiction

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53
Q

Can hypnosis relieve pain?

A

Yes
When unhypnotized people put their arm in an ice
bath, they felt intense pain within 25 seconds.

When hypnotized people did the same after being given suggestions to feel no pain, they indeed
reported feeling little pain.

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54
Q

Is hypnosis an extension of normal consciousness?

A

The more the individual being hypnotized likes and trusts the hypnotist, the more they allow that person to direct their attention and fantasies.

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55
Q

Is hypnosis an altered state?

A

Hilgard believed hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a special
dual-processing state of dissociation as vivid form of everyday mind splits

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56
Q

What is dissociation?

A

a split between different levels of consciousness.

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57
Q

Give an example of dissociation.

A

Listening to a lecture or typing the end of a sentence while starting a conversation

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58
Q

How did Ernest Hilgard test hypnosis?

A

A hypnotized woman exhibited no pain
when her arm was placed in an ice bath.

When the same hypnotized woman was asked to press a key if some part of her felt the pain, she did

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59
Q

How do the two theories explain hypnosis?

A

Divided consciousness theory claims that hypnosis has caused a split in awareness
social influence theory claim that the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that the cold is ignored

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60
Q

The _________approach explains hypnosis.

A

biopsychosocial

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61
Q

What are some biological influences on hypnosis?

A

Distinctive brain activity

Unconscious info processing

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62
Q

What are some psychological influences on hypnosis?

A

focused attention
expectations
heightened suggestibility
dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness

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63
Q

What are some social cultural influences on hypnosis?

A

Presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context

Role playing the “good subject”

64
Q

What is sleep loss?

A

Sleeping less than what is needed to properly operate

65
Q

What are some consequences of sleep loss?

A

More conflicts in friendships and romantic relationships.
Predictor of depression
Increases appetite and eating

66
Q

How does sleep loss impact our physical health?

A

suppression of immune cells that battle viral infections/cancer
More likely to catch a cold
Long life expectancy

67
Q

How does sleep deprivation impact the brain?

A

Decreased ability to focus, process, and store memories
Increased risk of depression
Decreased metabolic rate
Decreased ability to resist temptations

68
Q

How does sleep deprivation impact the heart?

A

Increased risk of high blood pressure

69
Q

How does sleep deprivation impact the stomach?

A

Increase in the hunger arousing hormone, ghrelin, decrease in hunger suppressing hormone, leptin

70
Q

How does sleep deprivation impact the muscles?

A

Reduced strength and slower reaction time and motor learning

71
Q

How does sleep deprivation impact the joints?

A

Increased inflammation and arthritis

72
Q

How does sleep deprivation impact the immune system?

A

decreased production of immune cells

Increased risk of viral infections

73
Q

How does sleep deprivation impact the fat cells?

A

Increased production and greater risk of obesity

74
Q

How does sleep loss impact car accidents?

A

End of daylight saving- greater accidents due to less sleep

Start of daylight saving- less accidents due to greater sleep

75
Q

What are the most common sleep-wake disorders?

A 
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Sleepwalking or sleep talking
Night terrors
76
Q

What is insomnia?

A

persistent problems in either falling or staying asleep
Afflicts about 1 in 10 adults and 1 in 4 older adults
Tends to worsen with anxiety

77
Q

What are results of insomnia

A

Tiredness and increased risk of depression

78
Q

How to NOT treat insomnia

A

Sleeping pills and alcohol can aggravate problem and tolerance

79
Q

What is narcolepsy?
narke-numbness
lepsis-seizure

A

sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness, usually lasting less than 5 minutes triggered by strong emotions
afflicts 1 in 2000

80
Q

What is sleep apnea?

apnea- with no breath

A

intermittently stop breathing during sleep.
decreased blood oxygen arouses them enough to snort in air for a few seconds, in a process that repeats hundreds of
times each night, depriving them of slow-wave sleep.
no memory of episodes
afflicts 1 in 20 people

81
Q

What is a possible treatment for sleep apnea?

A

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

machine applies mild air pressure to keep the airways open

82
Q

What are night terrors?

A 
target mostly children
sit up or walk around, talk incoherently, experience doubled heart and breathing rates, and appear terrified
while asleep 
Barely recall an episode
Occurs in NREM-3
83
Q

What is sleepwalking?

somnambulism

A

Childhood disorder runs in families
occurs during NREM-3 sleep
Usually harmless without recollection

84
Q

What is sleeptalking?

A

childhood disorders that runs in families

Occur at any stage

85
Q

What do we dream?

A

80% - at least one negative event/emotion
Common themes- failure, being attacked, rejected, or pursued, misfortune
10% of men and 30% of women- sexual content

86
Q

What is the Freudian theory of dreams?

A

Dreams exist to satisfy own unconscious wishes

provide safe place to discharge socially unacceptable feelings/urges

87
Q

What is a dream’s manifest content?

A

What we remember we dreamed

88
Q

What is a dream’s latent content?

A

Unconscious drives and wishes(erotic) that would be threatening if directly expressed

89
Q

Manifest content is ________, ______ version of latent content

A

censored & symbolic

90
Q

What is example of Freudian theory of dreams?

A

Gun = disguised representation of penis

91
Q

What is the information-processing theory of dreams?

A

Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences in our memory.

Link between REM sleep and memory exists

92
Q

Does sleep increases learning?

A

YES

high school students with high grades slept about 25 minutes longer each night than their lower-achieving classmates.

93
Q

What is the physiological function theory of dreams?

A

May provide brain with periodic stimulation

Infants spend most sleep time in REM sleep-development of brain

94
Q

How does sleep and dreaming change as we age?

A

During our first few months, we spend progressively

less time in REM sleep. During our first 20 years, we spend progressively less time asleep.

95
Q

What is the activation synthesis theory of dreams?

A

dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity.
Dreams erupt from neural activation spreading upward from the brainstem.

96
Q

What is the cognitive development theory of dreams?

A

brain maturation and cognitive development.
overlap with cognition and feature coherent speech
simulate reality
Viewed as intensified mind wandering, enhanced by visual imagery

97
Q

What are the 5 types of dream theories?

A 
Freudian
Activation-synthesis
Information processing
Cognitive development
Physiological function
98
Q

What is REM rebound?

A

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
Deeply biological
occur only in mammals whose behavior is influenced by learning

99
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods

100
Q

What is substance abuse disorder?

A

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

101
Q

What is tolerance?

A

diminishing effect
with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to
take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

102
Q

What is addiction?

A

primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry

103
Q

How is addiction characterized?

A

inability to abstain consistently
impairment in behavioral control
diminished recognition of behavioral problems
Dysfunctional emotional response

104
Q

Despite the adverse consequences of using the drug, people in the grip of addiction ____ the drug more than they ____ the drug.

A

want

like

105
Q

How can tolerance lead to a substance abuse disorder?

A

neuroadaptation - brain chemistry changes to offset effects of drug
larger and larger doses required- increased risk of addiction

106
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

the discomfort and
distress that follow discontinuing
an addictive drug or behavior

107
Q

How has the concept of addiction changed?

A

Certain behaviors- compulsive/dysfunctional like problematic alcohol and drug use
Other behaviors require more study

108
Q

What are the three major categories of psychoactive drugs?

A

Depressants
Stimulants
hallucinogens

109
Q

What are depressants?

A

Drugs that reduce neural activity/ slow body functions

110
Q

What is alcohol?

A

CNS depressant - slow down neural activity in brain/ spinal cord

111
Q

How does alcohol interact with neurotransmitters?

A

GABA-inhibitory
glutamate- excitatory
both interact to produce the effects

112
Q

When alcohol enters the body, it acts as an _______ with ______ receptors making them more inhibitory.

A

agonist

inhibitory

113
Q

Alcohol acts as an ________ to _________ receptors and prevents _______ from exciting the cell.

A

antagonist

glutamate

114
Q

How does alcohol use disorder change the structure of the brain?

A

MRI scans show brain shrinkage(enlarged ventricles) in women

115
Q

How does alcohol impair reaction time?

A

slowed neural processing causes slow reactions, slurred speech , and deteriorating skilled performance

116
Q

What does research show about human’s awareness of drunken states?

A

When drunk, people aren’t aware how drunk they are.

Sober people who claim not to drive home under alcoholic consumption almost always do

117
Q

How does alcohol impair memory and self-awareness?

A

Memory disruption

Reduced self-awareness

118
Q

How can alcohol cause memory disruption?

A

Alcohol suppresses REM sleep, which is needed for memory consolidation.

119
Q

How does alcohol cause memory disruption?

A

People who want to suppress their awareness of failures or shortcomings are more likely to drink

More likely to be caught mind-wandering without realization

120
Q

What are expectancy effects?

A

Expectations influence behavior.

Believing we are consuming alcohol can cause us to act out on presumed influence

121
Q

What are barbiturates?

A

drugs that depress

central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

122
Q

What are examples of barbiturates and their effects?

A

Nembutal, Seconal, Amytal

prescribed to induce sleep/reduce anxiety

123
Q

How can barbiturates be harmful?

A

Large doses cause impaired memory/judgement

Combined with alcohol to cuase lethal impact

124
Q

What are opiates?

A

depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

125
Q

What are signs of opiate usages?

A

constricted pupils
slow breathing
lethargic

126
Q

Examples of opiates

A

Heroin

Morphine

127
Q

How can an opiate addiction lead to death?

A

Overdose due to tolerance

128
Q

What occurs when brain is consistently flooded with opiates?

A

halt production of endorphins

Withdrawal causes lack of normal level of painkilling neurotransmitters

129
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Drugs that excite neural activity/speed up body functions

130
Q

Examples of stimulants

A 
caffeine 
nicotine
cocaine
amphetamines
methamphetamine
ecstasy
131
Q

Why use stimulants?

A

feel alert
lose weight
boost mood
athletic performance

132
Q

What is nicotine?

A

a stimulating and highly

addictive psychoactive drug found in tobacco

133
Q

Example of tabacoo products

A 
Cigarettes
cigars
chewing 
pipe
snuff
vapes
134
Q

Research on tobacco use

A

decreased life expectancy

in 2030, nearly one billion twenty first century may be killed by tobacco

135
Q

How teens keep the cigarette industry in business.

A

Virtually no one smokes beyond teenage yeats

Companies target teens for business- portrayals in popular movies

136
Q

What are the physiological effects of nicotine?

A 
Reaches brain within 7 seconds- twice as quickly as heroin
Increased heart rate/blood pressure
Reduced circulation
Relaxed muscles
Reduce stress
Suppresses carbohydrates
Aroused brain
137
Q

What is cocaine?

A

powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

138
Q

How can cocaine be consumed?

A

Snorted, injected, or smoked

139
Q

What happens when cocaine enter your blood stream?

A

Producing rush of euphoria depleting dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

140
Q

How does cocaine impact normal neural transmission?

A

bind to absorption sites

blocks re uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

141
Q

How does blocking re-uptake produce euphoria?

A

Extra neurotransmitter remain intensifying normal mood-altering effect

142
Q

What is methamphetamine

A

Extremely addictive drug stimulates CNS
Accelerated body functions/ energy & mood changes
Reduce baseline dopamine levels

143
Q

Meth’s aftereffects

A

irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures, social isolation, depression, violent outburst

144
Q

What physical changes result with methamphetamine use?

A

Accelerated aging

145
Q

What is Ecstasy(MDMA)?

A

synthetic stimulant/mild hallucinogen

146
Q

Effects of ecstasy

A

Euphoria
social intimacy
Risks to serotonin-producing neurons
Risks to mood and cognition

147
Q

How does Ecstasy (MDMA) work?

A

amphetamine derivative
triggers dopamine release
Released stored serotonin/block reuptake

148
Q

Research on Ecstasy

A 
Dehydrating effect
Decreased serotonin output
Increased risk of depressed mood
Suppressed immune system
Slows thought
Disrupted sleep
149
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

Psychedelic drugs

that distort perceptions/ evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input

150
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

distorted perceptions and sensory images in the absence of sensory
input

151
Q

What are near-death experiences?

A

an altered state of consciousness

reported after a close brush with death similar to hallicinations

152
Q

What is LSD?

A

powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

153
Q

LSD’s impact on emotions

A

Varying emotions- euphoria to panic

154
Q

What is marijuana?

A

Classified as mild hallucinogen
amplified sensitivity to sensory info
Euphoria

155
Q

What is THC?

A

Psychoactive ingredient in marijuana

Can be smoked or eaten

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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