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AP Psychology > Unit I - Psychology's History & Approaches > Flashcards

Unit I - Psychology's History & Approaches Flashcards

Covers contents in Unit I

1
Q

Psychology uses the tools of science to …. behavior and mental processes

A

Describe
explain
predict
control

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2
Q

Why is the “rat always right”?

A

Researchers have to accept the results of the study even if the hypothesis has been proven wrong.

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3
Q

What are the three key elements of the scientific attitude?

A

curiosity
skepticism
humility

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4
Q

What is critical thinking?

A 
Examining assumptions
Appraising source
Discerning biases
Evaluating evidence
Assessing conclusions
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5
Q

What did Socrates & Plato claim?

A

Mind & body are separate
Mind continues after death
Knowledge is innate

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6
Q

What did Aristotle claim?

A

Need data
Knowledge comes from observation
Knowledge is NOT innate

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7
Q

What is Rene Descartes claim?

A

Agreed with Socrates & Plato
Dissected animals
Fluid in brain flows through nerves to muscles causing movement

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8
Q

Who was Francis Bacon?

A

Founder of modern science

Empiricism

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9
Q

Who was John Locke?

A

Tabula rasa

Mind at birth is a blank slate on which experience writes

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10
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Idea that knowledge is the result of experience

Scientific knowledge developed through observation & experimentation

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11
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1st psychology lab

Wanted to measure “atoms of the mind”

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12
Q

Wundt’s experimental design question

A

subjects asked to press telegraph key ASA hearing vs aware of sounds

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13
Q

Wundt’s experimental design results

A

Hearing in 1/10th second

Aware in 2/10th second

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14
Q

Edward Bradford Tichener

A

Introduced structuralism to study mind

Used introspection

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15
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Early school focused on identifying elements of thought/mind structures

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16
Q

What is introspection?

A

Process of looking inward to directly observe one’s own psychological processes

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17
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Natural selection of mental & physical traits
Adaptive evolution
influenced William James

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18
Q

William James

A

Introduced functionalism

Principles of Psychology

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19
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Assumes a purpose

Structures of consciousness must serve a function

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20
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

Student of William James
Denied PhD. due to gender
Memory researcher
First female president of APA

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21
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

Student of Edward Titchener
first female to earn Ph.D in psychology
The Animal Mind

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22
Q

Two founders behavorism

A

B.F.Skinner

John B. Watson

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23
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Psych should be objective

Observable behavior is more important than mental processes

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24
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Developed influential treatment - psychoanalysis

Personality theory

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25
Q

What is Freudian psychology?

A

Unconscious forces & childhood experiences affect behavior and mental processes

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26
Q

Abraham Maslow

Carl Rogers

A

Humans strive to reach their full potential
Unconditional love
Personal growth

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27
Q

What is humanism?

A

“third force” in psychology
Rejected both behaviorism/psychoanalytic psychology
Study potential & personal growth

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28
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

study of mental processes

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29
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition

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30
Q

What is psychology?

A

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes of humans & other animals

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31
Q

Why is psychology scientific?

A

Uses empiricism & scientific method to critically evaluate evidence

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32
Q

What is behavior?

A

Any observable & measurable action taken by person or animal

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33
Q

What are mental processes?

A

Internal, subjective experiences inferred from behavior

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34
Q

How does contemporary psychology

focus on cognition, biology and experience?

A

Nature-Nurture Issue
Genes
Experience

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35
Q

What is nature?

A

Behaviors and mental process occur because they are inborn or innate

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36
Q

What is nurture?

A

Behaviors and mental processes occur as a result of experience or the environment

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37
Q

Charles Darwin and Nature v. Nurture

A

Argued for nature in his book On the Origin of the Species

Traits and behaviors that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are naturally selected

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38
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

Study of how behaviors and mental processes present in the species today exist due to natural selected

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39
Q

What is behavior genetics?

A

Study of relative influence and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors and mental processes

40
Q

Twin studies provide evidence for the relative influence of ______ and _______ and are used in _______ _______.

A

Nature nurture

behavior genetics

41
Q

What are WEIRD cultures?

A 
Western
Industrialized
Democratic
Educated
Rich
42
Q

What is culture?

A

Shared ideas, values, behaviors, and traditions shared by group of people and passed from one generation to next

43
Q

What are cultural impacts?

A

Perception of time and promptness
Ideal personal space
Beliefs about marriage and sex
Emotional display

44
Q

How does the culture we are from impact kissing?

A

In cultures with languages that read from left to right
about 2/3 of couples lean their heads to the right
when kissing
77% of Hebrew and Arabic language speakers who read from right to left
kiss by tilting their heads to the left.

45
Q

What is gender?

A

socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female.

46
Q

What are reported gender differences?

A

how emotions are expressed or detected
what we dream
risk for certain psychological disorders

47
Q

What are biological similarities?

A

age of first steps
how we remember and forget
overall intelligence and well-being

48
Q

How do shared biological processes guide behavior across cultures?

A

Same deep principles of languages
Nonverbal communication of basic emotions
Learning disorder- same brain malfunction

49
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

Scientific study of human flourishing

Goal of discovering & promoting human strengths & virtues

50
Q

Positive psychology is connected to which psychologist?

A

Martin Seligman

51
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

A

Understanding behavior or mental processes from three key viewpoints.

52
Q

What is the behavioral perspective?

A

How learned and observable behaviors impact behavior and mental processes.

53
Q

What is the biological perspective?

A

How biological (genetics, neural, hormonal) and physiological processes impact behavior and mental processes.

54
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

How interpretations of situations & mental processes impact behavior & mental pocesses

55
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective?

A

How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

56
Q

What is the humanistic perspective?

A

How the drive for personal growth and self-actualization impact behavior and mental processes

57
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

How unconscious drives and conflicts

impact behavior and mental processes.

58
Q

What is the social-cultural perspective?

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations

and cultures

59
Q

How can psychological principles help on the AP exam?

A 
adequate sleep 
exercise
Long term goals with daily aims
growth mindset
priortize relationships
60
Q

Testing Effect

A

Enhanced memory occurs as a result of retrieving, rather than rereading material.

61
Q

Active Processing

A

Enhanced memory occurs with intentional engagement with material.

62
Q

S in SQ3R

A

SURVEY

scan headings/ organization

63
Q

Q in SQ3R

A

QUESTION
attempt to answer questions poased by learnign targets/headings
What you know vs don’t know

64
Q

first R in SQ3R

A

READ

actively read searching for answers to questions

65
Q

second R in SQ3R

A

RETRIEVE

test yourself

66
Q

third R in SQ3R

A

REVIEW

Reread notes

67
Q

Spaced practice vs massed practice

A

Distribute study time over different study sessions is more efficient than cramming

68
Q

Interleaving

A

Learning different subjects on each day before going back to same subjects
Longer retention

69
Q

psychological techniques

A

Thinking critically
Processing information actively
Overlearn

70
Q

What is basic research?

A

Scientific inquiry that aims to increase psychology’s knowledge base

PURE SCIENCE

71
Q

What is applied research?

A

Scientific inquiry that aims to use psychology to solve practical problems

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE

72
Q

Which types of psychologists

conduct basic research?

A 
Biological 
Developmental
Cognitive
Educational
Personality
Social
73
Q

Which type of psychologists

conduct applied research?

A 
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Educational
Personality
Social
Industrial-Organizational
Human factors
74
Q

Psychology as a helping profession

A

Guiding people to healthier relationships

Help people overcome anxiety/depression/coping with difficulties

75
Q

Counseling psychologists

A

Help with adjustments/challenges
Psych tests
Therapy & counseling
Research

76
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

Assess/treat disorders
Psych tests
Therapy & counseling
Research

77
Q

Clinical psychologists vs psychiatrist

A 
CLINICAL
PhD
BOTH
psychotherapy
PSYCHIATRIST
MD
prescribe drugs
78
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

reformer who advocated for the humane treatment of the mentally ill

79
Q

Cognitive psychologists

A

HUMAN THINKING

Professor or corporate consultant

80
Q

Developmental psychologists

A

AGE BEHAVIOR

School, day care, senior center

81
Q

Educational psychologists

A

LEARNING IN DIF. ENVIRONMENTS/METHODS

schools universities

82
Q

Experimental psychologists

A

CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS

professors, research instiution, zoo, business, government agency

83
Q

Psychometric psychologists
psycho=mental
metric= to measure

A

MATH/STATS TESTS

university, research firm, gov’t agency

84
Q

Social psychologists

A

INTERACTIONS W/OTHERS & GROUPS

professors, consulting, market research, applied fields

85
Q

Forensic psychologists

A

LAW PSYCH PUBLIC POLICY,

law school, court, mental health agency, prison

86
Q

Environmental psychologists

A

INFLUENCE FROM NATURE/MAN-MADE

professors, consulting firm, agencies

87
Q

Health psychologists

A

PROMOTE HEALTH/PREVENT DISEASES

professors, hospital med school, agency

88
Q

I/O psychologists

A

PPL WORD ENV’T
PRODUCTIVITY/ CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
university, business, agency

89
Q

Nuropsychologists

A

BRAIN BEHAVIOR & THOUGHTS

professors, hospital

90
Q

Rehabilitation psychologists

A

ACCIDENT/ILLNESS

professors, med school, rehabilitation center

91
Q

School psychologists

A

KIDS PROBLEMS W/LEARNING

schools, university, gov’ agency

92
Q

Sports psychologists

A

ATHLETES PERFORMANCE

professors, consultant, with athletes

93
Q

Community psychologists

A

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

professors, consultants

94
Q

Counseling psychologists

A

COPE/W CHANGES

professors, counseling center, school, business

95
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

PROTE PSYCH HEALTH

mental health org, industries, legal systems, military

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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