Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Psychology > Unit I - Psychology's History & Approaches > Flashcards

Unit I - Psychology's History & Approaches Flashcards

Covers contents in Unit I

1
Q

Psychology uses the tools of science to …. behavior and mental processes

A

Describe
explain
predict
control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is the “rat always right”?

A

Researchers have to accept the results of the study even if the hypothesis has been proven wrong.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three key elements of the scientific attitude?

A

curiosity
skepticism
humility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is critical thinking?

A 
Examining assumptions
Appraising source
Discerning biases
Evaluating evidence
Assessing conclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Socrates & Plato claim?

A

Mind & body are separate
Mind continues after death
Knowledge is innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Aristotle claim?

A

Need data
Knowledge comes from observation
Knowledge is NOT innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Rene Descartes claim?

A

Agreed with Socrates & Plato
Dissected animals
Fluid in brain flows through nerves to muscles causing movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who was Francis Bacon?

A

Founder of modern science

Empiricism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who was John Locke?

A

Tabula rasa

Mind at birth is a blank slate on which experience writes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Idea that knowledge is the result of experience

Scientific knowledge developed through observation & experimentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1st psychology lab

Wanted to measure “atoms of the mind”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Wundt’s experimental design question

A

subjects asked to press telegraph key ASA hearing vs aware of sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Wundt’s experimental design results

A

Hearing in 1/10th second

Aware in 2/10th second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Edward Bradford Tichener

A

Introduced structuralism to study mind

Used introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Early school focused on identifying elements of thought/mind structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is introspection?

A

Process of looking inward to directly observe one’s own psychological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Natural selection of mental & physical traits
Adaptive evolution
influenced William James

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

William James

A

Introduced functionalism

Principles of Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Assumes a purpose

Structures of consciousness must serve a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

Student of William James
Denied PhD. due to gender
Memory researcher
First female president of APA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

Student of Edward Titchener
first female to earn Ph.D in psychology
The Animal Mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Two founders behavorism

A

B.F.Skinner

John B. Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Psych should be objective

Observable behavior is more important than mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Developed influential treatment - psychoanalysis

Personality theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Freudian psychology?
Unconscious forces & childhood experiences affect behavior and mental processes
26
Abraham Maslow | Carl Rogers
Humans strive to reach their full potential Unconditional love Personal growth
27
What is humanism?
"third force" in psychology Rejected both behaviorism/psychoanalytic psychology Study potential & personal growth
28
What is cognitive psychology?
study of mental processes
29
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition
30
What is psychology?
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes of humans & other animals
31
Why is psychology scientific?
Uses empiricism & scientific method to critically evaluate evidence
32
What is behavior?
Any observable & measurable action taken by person or animal
33
What are mental processes?
Internal, subjective experiences inferred from behavior
34
How does contemporary psychology | focus on cognition, biology and experience?
Nature-Nurture Issue Genes Experience
35
What is nature?
Behaviors and mental process occur because they are inborn or innate
36
What is nurture?
Behaviors and mental processes occur as a result of experience or the environment
37
Charles Darwin and Nature v. Nurture
Argued for nature in his book On the Origin of the Species | Traits and behaviors that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are naturally selected
38
What is evolutionary psychology?
Study of how behaviors and mental processes present in the species today exist due to natural selected
39
What is behavior genetics?
Study of relative influence and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors and mental processes
40
Twin studies provide evidence for the relative influence of ______ and _______ and are used in _______ _______.
Nature nurture | behavior genetics
41
What are WEIRD cultures?
``` Western Industrialized Democratic Educated Rich ```
42
What is culture?
Shared ideas, values, behaviors, and traditions shared by group of people and passed from one generation to next
43
What are cultural impacts?
Perception of time and promptness Ideal personal space Beliefs about marriage and sex Emotional display
44
How does the culture we are from impact kissing?
In cultures with languages that read from left to right about 2/3 of couples lean their heads to the right when kissing 77% of Hebrew and Arabic language speakers who read from right to left kiss by tilting their heads to the left.
45
What is gender?
socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female.
46
What are reported gender differences?
how emotions are expressed or detected what we dream risk for certain psychological disorders
47
What are biological similarities?
age of first steps how we remember and forget overall intelligence and well-being
48
How do shared biological processes guide behavior across cultures?
Same deep principles of languages Nonverbal communication of basic emotions Learning disorder- same brain malfunction
49
What is positive psychology?
Scientific study of human flourishing | Goal of discovering & promoting human strengths & virtues
50
Positive psychology is connected to which psychologist?
Martin Seligman
51
What is the biopsychosocial approach?
Understanding behavior or mental processes from three key viewpoints.
52
What is the behavioral perspective?
How learned and observable behaviors impact behavior and mental processes.
53
What is the biological perspective?
How biological (genetics, neural, hormonal) and physiological processes impact behavior and mental processes.
54
What is the cognitive perspective?
How interpretations of situations & mental processes impact behavior & mental pocesses
55
What is the evolutionary perspective?
How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
56
What is the humanistic perspective?
How the drive for personal growth and self-actualization impact behavior and mental processes
57
What is the psychodynamic perspective?
How unconscious drives and conflicts | impact behavior and mental processes.
58
What is the social-cultural perspective?
How behavior and thinking vary across situations | and cultures
59
How can psychological principles help on the AP exam?
``` adequate sleep exercise Long term goals with daily aims growth mindset priortize relationships ```
60
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory occurs as a result of retrieving, rather than rereading material.
61
Active Processing
Enhanced memory occurs with intentional engagement with material.
62
S in SQ3R
SURVEY | scan headings/ organization
63
Q in SQ3R
QUESTION attempt to answer questions poased by learnign targets/headings What you know vs don't know
64
first R in SQ3R
READ | actively read searching for answers to questions
65
second R in SQ3R
RETRIEVE | test yourself
66
third R in SQ3R
REVIEW | Reread notes
67
Spaced practice vs massed practice
Distribute study time over different study sessions is more efficient than cramming
68
Interleaving
Learning different subjects on each day before going back to same subjects Longer retention
69
psychological techniques
Thinking critically Processing information actively Overlearn
70
What is basic research?
Scientific inquiry that aims to increase psychology’s knowledge base PURE SCIENCE
71
What is applied research?
Scientific inquiry that aims to use psychology to solve practical problems APPLICATION OF SCIENCE
72
Which types of psychologists | conduct basic research?
``` Biological Developmental Cognitive Educational Personality Social ```
73
Which type of psychologists | conduct applied research?
``` Biological Developmental Cognitive Educational Personality Social Industrial-Organizational Human factors ```
74
Psychology as a helping profession
Guiding people to healthier relationships | Help people overcome anxiety/depression/coping with difficulties
75
Counseling psychologists
Help with adjustments/challenges Psych tests Therapy & counseling Research
76
Clinical psychologists
Assess/treat disorders Psych tests Therapy & counseling Research
77
Clinical psychologists vs psychiatrist
``` CLINICAL PhD BOTH psychotherapy PSYCHIATRIST MD prescribe drugs ```
78
Dorothea Dix
reformer who advocated for the humane treatment of the mentally ill
79
Cognitive psychologists
HUMAN THINKING | Professor or corporate consultant
80
Developmental psychologists
AGE BEHAVIOR | School, day care, senior center
81
Educational psychologists
LEARNING IN DIF. ENVIRONMENTS/METHODS | schools universities
82
Experimental psychologists
CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS | professors, research instiution, zoo, business, government agency
83
Psychometric psychologists psycho=mental metric= to measure
MATH/STATS TESTS | university, research firm, gov't agency
84
Social psychologists
INTERACTIONS W/OTHERS & GROUPS | professors, consulting, market research, applied fields
85
Forensic psychologists
LAW PSYCH PUBLIC POLICY, | law school, court, mental health agency, prison
86
Environmental psychologists
INFLUENCE FROM NATURE/MAN-MADE | professors, consulting firm, agencies
87
Health psychologists
PROMOTE HEALTH/PREVENT DISEASES | professors, hospital med school, agency
88
I/O psychologists
PPL WORD ENV'T PRODUCTIVITY/ CONSUMER BEHAVIOR university, business, agency
89
Nuropsychologists
BRAIN BEHAVIOR & THOUGHTS | professors, hospital
90
Rehabilitation psychologists
ACCIDENT/ILLNESS | professors, med school, rehabilitation center
91
School psychologists
KIDS PROBLEMS W/LEARNING | schools, university, gov' agency
92
Sports psychologists
ATHLETES PERFORMANCE | professors, consultant, with athletes
93
Community psychologists
CRISIS MANAGEMENT | professors, consultants
94
Counseling psychologists
COPE/W CHANGES | professors, counseling center, school, business
95
Clinical psychologists
PROTE PSYCH HEALTH | mental health org, industries, legal systems, military

AP Psychology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions