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PNS Final > Unit VIII - Eye > Flashcards

Unit VIII - Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What structures of the eye are derived from the neuroectoderm of the forebrain?

A

Retina and pigmented structures

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2
Q

The lens and cornea are derived from what specific embryological layer?

A

Surface ectoderm

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3
Q

The fibrous coats (sclera) are derived from which specific embryological layer?

A

Neural crest mesenchyme

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4
Q

What is the term for the white part of the eye?

A

Sclera

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5
Q

What happens to the sclera if pressure inside the eye increases?

A

Shape is maintained due to its thick, dense, and firm structure

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6
Q

Does light pass through the sclera?

A

No, it is opaque

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7
Q

What things pass through the many tiny openings seen on the sclera?

A

Blood vessels and neurons

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8
Q

What attaches to the sclera?

A

Extraocular muscles

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9
Q

What is the term for the location where the sclera transitions into the cornea?

A

Limbus

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10
Q

What is the sclera continuous with posteriorly?

A

Fibrous sheath (made of arachnoid) that covers cranial nerve II

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11
Q

What lines the sclera anteriorly?

A

Conjunctiva

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12
Q

What part of the eye of transparent and clear?

A

Cornea

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13
Q

What is the primary structure of the eye used for focusing light?

A

Cornea

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14
Q

Is the cornea concave or convex anteriorly?

A

Convex

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15
Q

What layer of the cornea is continuous with the conjunctiva?

A

Corneal epithelium

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16
Q

What is the largest/thickest part of the cornea?

A

Substantia propria

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17
Q

What is the innermost layer of the cornea?

A

Endothelium

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18
Q

What does the endothelium of the retina line?

A

Iridocorneal layer

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19
Q

What are the layers of the cornea in order from outermost to innermost?

A

Corneal epithelium, anterior limiting lamina, substantia propria, posterior limiting lamina, endothelium

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20
Q

What makes up the fibrous tunic of the eye?

A

Sclera and cornea

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21
Q

What makes up the vascular tunic of the eye?

A

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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22
Q

Which tunic of the eye is the only complete layer?

A

Fibrous tunic (makes it all the way around the eye)

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23
Q

Which tunic of the eye has many blood vessels and lots of autonomic influence (especially sympathetic)?

A

Vascular tunic

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24
Q

What special effect may be possessed by the blood vessels that supply the vascular tunic of the eye?

A

Cooling effect

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25
Q

Where is the only location where the choroid is anchored to the sclera?

A

Where the optic nerve penetrates it

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26
Q

What is the choroid loosely attached to?

A

Sclera

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the dark pigment of the choroid?

A

Helps limit passage of light both through sclera to retina and through retina to sclera

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28
Q

What is the ciliary body continuous with?

A

Choroid (posteriorly)

Iris (anteriorly)

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29
Q

What structure is suspended by the ciliary body?

A

Lens

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30
Q

What is the substance produced by the ciliary body that is found in the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Aqueous fluid

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31
Q

What divides the eye into general anterior and posterior segments?

A

Lens

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32
Q

What divides the anterior segment of the eye into anterior and posterior chambers?

A

Iris

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33
Q

What else can the ciliary body produce besides the aqueous fluid seen in the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Glycosaminoglycans of the vitreous body

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34
Q

What contains the ciliary muscle?

A

Ciliary body

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35
Q

What is the action of the ciliary muscle?

A

Contraction makes lens more convex to allow for nearer vision

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36
Q

What is the colored part of the eye?

A

Iris

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37
Q

What is the range of colors seen of the iris?

A

Light blue to dark brown

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38
Q

What two muscles make up the iris?

A

Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

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39
Q

Which muscle of the iris contains fibers that are circumferentially oriented to constrict the pupil?

A

Sphincter pupillae

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40
Q

What part of the autonomic nervous system innervates the sphincter pupillae muscle?

A

Parasympathetic fibers

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41
Q

Which muscle of the iris has radially arranged fibers that cause the pupil to enlarge when contracted?

A

Dilator pupillae

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42
Q

The eye is derived from what embryological layer?

A

Ectoderm

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43
Q

What is another name for the retina?

A

Nervous tunic

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44
Q

What does the retina contact externally?

A

Choroid

45
Q

What does the retina contact internally?

A

Vitreous body

46
Q

How many layers of the retina are there?

A

10

47
Q

What is another term for the pigmented layer of the retina?

A

Cementing layer

48
Q

What layer of the retina is involved in a detached retina?

A

Cementing layer (pigmented layer)

49
Q

What kinds of cells are found in the inner nuclear layer?

A

Bipolar cells

50
Q

What kinds of cells are found in the nerve fiber layer?

A

Ganglion cell axons

51
Q

What are the five cells involved in the vision pathway?

A

Photoreceptors –> inner nuclear layer (bipolar) cells –> ganglionic layer cells –> lateral geniculate body –> Brodmann area 17

52
Q

What area of the eye is involved with the blind spot?

A

Optic disc

53
Q

What is the point at which the optic nerve attaches to the eyeball?

A

Optic disc

54
Q

To which side does the optic disc deviate?

A

Nasal side

55
Q

What color does the optic disc appear?

A

White or yellowish

56
Q

Are photoreceptors present in the optic disc?

A

No; no vision occurs here

57
Q

Where do major blood vessels enter the eyeball?

A

Optic disc

58
Q

What is located at the very center of the eye?

A

Macula lutea

59
Q

The macula lutea is the darker area in the center of what structure?

A

Fundus

60
Q

What is located in the middle of the maculae lutea?

A

Fovea centralis

61
Q

What is the area of clearest vision?

A

Macula lutea

62
Q

What are the only photoreceptors found in the macula lutea?

A

Cones

63
Q

As we head toward the periphery, we see more of which photoreceptor?

A

More rods, less cones

64
Q

What kind of photoreceptors do we see on the very edges of our field of vision?

A

Rods only

65
Q

What is the most anterior primary refractory structure?

A

Cornea

66
Q

What is the condition of abnormality in the shape of the cornea?

A

Astigmatism

67
Q

What is the clear fluid secreted by the ciliary processes found on the posterior aspect of the ciliary body?

A

Aqueous fluid

68
Q

Aqueous fluid is secreted into which chamber of the eye?

A

Posterior chamber (part of the anterior segment located posterior to the iris)

69
Q

The aqueous humor passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber, travels laterally, and leaves the eyeball through what sinus?

A

Scleral venous sinus

Canal of Schlem

70
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

Increased pressure within the anterior segment of the eyeball (can result in blindness)

71
Q

What is unique about the vascular supply to the lens?

A

AVASCULAR

72
Q

Is the lens convex or concave?

A

Biconvex

73
Q

Does increasing convexity or increasing concavity of the lens allow for nearer vision?

A

Increasing convexity

74
Q

What structure separates the anterior segment from the posterior segment?

A

Lens

75
Q

Which segment of the eye is filled with aqueous humor?

A

Anterior

76
Q

Which segment of the eye is filled with vitreous humor?

A

Posterior segment

77
Q

What condition results when the lens gets harder with age and loses its flexibility which can result in more difficult near vision?

A

Presbyopia

78
Q

What condition results from the lens becoming less transparent?

A

Cataracts

79
Q

What are the characteristics of the vitreous humor?

A

Gelatinous and transparent

80
Q

What is the vestigial structure connecting the optic nerve and the posterior aspect of the lens?

A

Hyaloid canal

81
Q

What artery is contained in the hyaloid canal?

A

Fetal hyaloid artery

82
Q

In what population does the hyaloid canal serve no functional purpose?

A

Adults

83
Q

In which direction do tears flow?

A

Lateral to medial

84
Q

Where are the lacrimal glands located?

A

Superolaterally to the eyeball

85
Q

What structures carry tears from the lacrimal glands to the surface of the eye?

A

Excretory ducts

86
Q

Where are the lacrimal ducts found?

A

In each eyelid below and medial to the eyeball

87
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal ducts?

A

Drain tears into the lacrimal sac

88
Q

Where is the lacrimal sac found?

A

In a groove between the lacrimal bone and the maxilla

89
Q

What is the most superior part of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Lacrimal sac

90
Q

What structure drains tears from the lacrimal sac into the inferior nasal meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

91
Q

Where are the tarsal glands located?

A

In each eyelid

92
Q

What kind of glands are tarsal glands?

A

Modified sebaceous glands

93
Q

What do tarsal glands secrete?

A

An oily substance that covers tears upon blinking

94
Q

All arteries to the eyeball are branches of what artery?

A

Ophthalmic artery

95
Q

How many long posterior ciliary arteries are there?

A

1 on each side (medial and lateral)

96
Q

The long posterior ciliary arteries run between what structures?

A

Sclera and choroid

97
Q

Which arteries of the eye enter the eyeball on the posterior surface forming a ring around the optic nerve, and how many are there?

A

Short ciliary arteries (6-12)

98
Q

Which arteries of the eye arch either over or under the eyeball, and how many are there?

A

Anterior ciliary arteries (6-8 total)

99
Q

What artery is the only artery that supplies the retina?

A

Central retinal artery

100
Q

The central retinal artery travels to the retina via what structure?

A

Optic nerve

101
Q

How are the veins involved in the drainage of the eye named?

A

For the arteries they accompany

102
Q

What part of the trigeminal nerve makes up the nerve supply to the eyeball?

A

Branches of the nasociliary nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

103
Q

What nerves of the eyeball are sensory for the ciliary body, iris, and cornea?

A

Long ciliary nerves

104
Q

What nerves are sensory for everything besides the ciliary body, iris, and cornea?

A

Short ciliary nerves

105
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers reach which eye muscles?

A

Ciliaris and dilator pupillae muscles

106
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers come from what plexus and through what ganglion to reach the ciliaris and dilator pupillae muscles?

A

Cavernous plexus to the ciliary ganglion

107
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach what muscles of the eye?

A

Ciliaris and sphincter pupillae muscles

108
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel from what ganglion to reach the ciliaris and sphincter pupillae muscles?

A

Ciliary ganglion

PNS Final (8 decks)

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