Unit VII - More Sympathetics Flashcards
The internal carotid nerve enters the cranial cavity with what vessel?
Internal carotid artery
What plexus is formed by the lateral internal carotid nerve?
Internal carotid plexus
What are the important connections made with the lateral carotid nerve and the internal carotid plexus?
Trigeminal ganglion, abducens nerve, formation of nerve of the pterygoid canal, formation of tympanic plexus
What is the association between the lateral internal carotid nerve and the trigeminal nerve?
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers can reach any structure within the field of distribution of the trigeminal nerves thanks to the connection with the trigeminal ganglion
What is the purpose of the connection between the internal carotid nerve and the abducens nerves?
Supply blood vessels in the lateral rectus
What is the connection between the internal carotid nerves and the lacrimal, nasal, palatine, and some pharyngeal glands?
Postganglionic fibers form the deep petrosal nerve which combines with greater petrosal nerve to form nerve to pterygoid canal to reach those glands
What is the association between the internal carotid nerve and the tympanic plexus?
Caroticotympanic nerves combine with tympanic branch of C.N. IX to form tympanic plexus to supply glands and bold vessels of middle ear
What plexus is formed by the medial internal carotid nerve?
Cavernous plexus
Where is the cavernous plexus located?
Within the cavernous sinus, alongside the sella turcica
Fibers from the medial internal carotid nerve travel through the ciliary ganglion to supply what structures?
Ciliaris and dilator pupillae muscles, some tarsus muscles of the upper eyelid
Other branches to what nerves reach blood vessels associated with muscles supplied by the medial internal carotid nerve?
Oculomotor nerves
The medial internal carotid nerve communicates with which cranial nerve to supply blood vessels in the superior oblique muscle?
Trochlear
Branches from the medial internal carotid nerve to what nerve and division supply arrector pili, sweat glands, and blood vessels in its field of distribution?
Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
The pituitary gland receives fibers from which nerve: lateral or medial internal carotid nerve?
Medial internal carotid nerve
Branches accompanying the inferior thyroid artery to supply the thyroid gland are from which cervical ganglion?
Middle cervical ganglion
Branches from the inferior cervical/stellate ganglion reach the subclavian artery to reach the upper extremities via what arteries?
Axillary and brachial arteries
Which branches of the cervical sympathetic trunk travel directly to visceral structures?
Laryngopharyngeal branches and cardiac branches
Laryngopharyngeal branches are from which cervical sympathetic ganglion?
Superior cervical ganglion
What do the laryngopharyngeal branches from the cervical sympathetic trunk help form?
Pharyngeal plexus (along with fibers from glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and laryngeal plexus)
Cardiac branches come from which cervical ganglia?
All of them
The cardiac branches from the cervical sympathetic trunk accompany branches of which cranial nerve through the cardiac plexus and to which final destination?
Vagus nerve; sinoatrial node
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation involving the cardiac branches of the cervical sympathetic trunk?
Increased heart rate and dilation of coronary arteries
What is supplied by each gray ramus communicans of the thoracic sympathetic trunk?
Arrector pili, sweat glands, blood vessels within each thoracic nerve distribution
Thoracic ganglia 1-5 send postganglionic fibers to which important vessel?
Thoracic aorta
Do the cardiac branches of the thoracic sympathetic trunk (T2-T4) contain afferents?
Yes
What is the supply of the pulmonary branches of the thoracic sympathetic trunk (T2-T4) as they travel through the pulmonary plexus?
Pleura, smooth muscle, blood vessels of lungs, bronchial glands
What sympathetic branches could be responsible for some of the issues seen with asthmatics?
Pulmonary branches (T2-T4) due to their effect on smooth muscle
What structures are supplied by the greater splanchnic nerve above the diaphragm?
Esophagus and thoracic aorta
Through what plexuses does the greater splanchnic nerve reach much of the abdominal viscera?
Gastric, hepatic, superior mesenteric plexuses via the celiac plexus
What is supplied by the lesser splanchnic nerve that is NOT supplied by the greater splanchnic nerve?
Suprarenal glands
How does the least splanchnic nerve reach the kidneys?
Via renal plexus
What do the gray rami communicans of the lumbar nerves supply?
Arrector pili, sweat glands, and blood vessels in the field of distribution of each lumbar nerve
What are the branches of the lumbar sympathetic trunk that accompany blood vessels?
Vascular branches that follow lumbar arteries back to abdominal aorta then follow abdominal aorta as far as the median sacral artery and common iliac arteries
What branches of the lumbar sympathetic trunks travel directly to visceral structures?
Lumbar splanchnic nerves supply pelvic viscera via superior and inferior hypogastric and inferior mesenteric plexuses
What branches of the pelvic sympathetic trunk accompany nerves?
Gray ramus communicans seen at all sacrococcygeal levels that supply arrector pili, sweat glands, and blood vessels in the nerves’ fields of distribution
What branches from the pelvic sympathetic trunk accompany blood vessels?
Vascular branches that follow median sacral artery
What branches from the pelvic sympathetic trunks travel directly to visceral structures?
Sacral (NOT pelvic) splanchnic nerves supply pelvic viscera via inferior mesenteric plexus (to ureters and rectum)
The autonomic plexuses are primarily concerned with supply of what kind of structures in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Visceral
What types of fibers can be seen in the autonomic plexuses?
Preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetics AND sympathetics along with somatic and visceral afferents
What is the main contribution to the esphageal plexus?
Vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves
Where do the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves synapse in the esophageal plexus?
On postganglionic cells in the wall of the esophagus
What is the sympathetic contribution of the esophageal plexus?
Greater splanchnic nerves (from T5-T9 or T10 ganglia)
Fibers found in the thoracic aortic plexus came from which locations?
Vagus nerve, greater splanchnic nerve, T1-T5 sympathetic ganglia
What kinds of fibers are carried in the vagus nerve’s contribution to the thoracic aortic plexus?
Sensory and visceral afferent
What kinds of fibers are carried in the greater splanchnic nerve’s contribution to the thoracic aortic plexus?
Sympathetic
What kinds of fibers are carried in the T1-T5 sympathetic ganglia contribution to the thoracic aortic plexus?
Vascular
What type of fibers are the primary component of the pulmonary plexus: sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
How do parasympathetics reach the pulmonary plexus?
Via anterior and posterior bronchial branches of the vagus nerve
Where do preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in the pulmonary plexus?
In the wall of bronchial vessels
What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the bronchi and small vessels?
Constriction (also increased secretion of local glands)
Sympathetic fibers in the pulmonary plexus arise from which ganglia?
T2-T4
What do the sympathetic fibers of the pulmonary plexus supply?
Pleura, bronchial glands, musculature
What is supplied by the cardiac plexus?
Myocardium, great vessels at the base of the heart, coronary arteries
Parasympathetic information arrives at the cardiac plexus via what nerves?
Superior and inferior cardiac nerves (branches of the vagus)
What is the parasympathetic influence on the heart?
Decreased heart rate and constriction of the coronary arteries
Sympathetic fibers arrive to the cardiac plexus via what nerves?
Superior, middle, and inferior cardiac nerves and from the T2-T4 sympathetic ganglia
What is the sympathetic influence on the heart?
Increased heart rate and dilation of coronary vessels
What is the largest prevertebral plexus?
Celiac plexus
Where does the celiac plexus begin?
L1 vertebra level
The celiac plexus forms a network around what vessels?
Abdominal aorta and its vessels down to the common iliac and median sacral arteries
What pairs of well-defined ganglia are associated with the celiac plexus?
Celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglia, aorticorenal ganglia
Where are the celiac ganglia located?
Adjacent to the celiac artery
Which artery is associated with the superior mesenteric ganglia?
Superior mesenteric artery
Where are the aorticorenal ganglia located?
Near the renal arteries
What are the secondary plexuses associated with the celiac plexus?
Phrenic, left gastric, hepatic, splenic, and superior mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, gonadal, abdominal aorta, inferior mesenteric, superior hypogastric, inferior hypogastric plexuses
What are the secondary plexuses of the celiac plexuses named after?
The arteries associated with each one
What artery is associated with the phrenic plexus?
Inferior phrenic artery
What artery is associated with the suprarenal plexus?
Middle suprarenal artery
What is the location of the superior hypogastric plexus?
Between L4 and S1 vertebral levels
What plexuses are included in the superior hypogastric plexus?
Abdominal aortic and inferior mesenteric plexuses
What is included in the inferior hypogastric plexus?
Celiac plexus below the internal iliac artery
What is the second largest prevertebral plexus?
Inferior hypogastric plexus
What secondary plexuses are associated with the inferior hypogastric plexus?
Vesicle, prostatic or uterine/vaginal, rectal, cavernous
What type of input initiates defecation and micturition: sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
How is the stretch response of the bladder or rectum initiated?
Visceral afferents that are sensitive to the walls stretching
During defecation and/or micturition, efferent response travels out of which nerves to the detrusor muscle and/or rectal musculature?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
What is the activity of the external anal sphincter and external urethral sphincter muscles during defecation/micturition?
Relaxation
