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PNS Final > Unit VIII - Ear Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Unit VIII - Ear Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What SURROUNDS the membranous labyrinth?

A

Perilymph within the bony labyrinth

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2
Q

What is another name for the inner ear?

A

Labyrinth

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3
Q

What are the parts of the bony labyrinth?

A

Cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

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4
Q

What is the shape of the cochlea, and what does it contain?

A

Snail shell shaped; contains cochlear duct

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5
Q

What is contained in the vestibule?

A

Utricle and saccule

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6
Q

What do the lateral, anterior, and posterior semicircular canals contain?

A

Semicircular ducts

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7
Q

What fluid is located WITHIN the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

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8
Q

The utricosaccular duct is located between what two structures?

A

Utricle and saccule

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9
Q

What structures are found in the vestibular labyrinth?

A

Utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts, utricosaccular duct, endolymphatic duct and sac, ductus reuniens

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10
Q

What is the cone-shaped central bony structure that the cochlea wraps around 2.5 to 2.75 times?

A

Modiolus

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11
Q

What is the name of the apex of the cochlea?

A

Cochlear cupula

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12
Q

The cochlear cupula lies in what direction?

A

Anterolaterally

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13
Q

What is the bony ridge that connects the cochlea to the modiolus?

A

Lamina of the modiolus

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14
Q

What three channels make up the cochlea?

A

Cochlear duct, scala vestibuli, scala tympani

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15
Q

Where does the cochlear duct end?

A

Apex of cochlea

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16
Q

How do the scala vestibuli and scala tympani communicate?

A

At the apex through a channel called the helicotrema

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17
Q

What fluid fills the scala vestibuli?

A

Perilymph

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18
Q

As the stapes vibrates, where are the vibrations transmitted?

A

Into the scala vestibuli

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19
Q

Which structure is located above the cochlear duct: scala vestibuli or scala tympani?

A

Scala vestibuli

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20
Q

Which structure is located below the cochlear duct: scala vestibuli or scala tympani?

A

Scala tympani

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21
Q

How do vibrations that are transmitted through the scala vestibuli pass to the scala typani?

A

Via the helicotrema

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22
Q

What is the base of the scala tympani?

A

Round window

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23
Q

What forms the base of the scala vestibuli?

A

Oval window

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24
Q

Where is the cochlear duct located and what is found above and below it?

A

Middle of the bony labyrinth with scala vestibuli above and scala tympani below

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25
Q

What fills the cochlear duct?

A

Endolymph

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26
Q

The cochlear duct is attached to what structure?

A

Lamina of the modiolus

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27
Q

What anchors the cochlear duct to the outer wall of the cochlea?

A

Spiral ligament

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28
Q

What separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli?

A

Vestibular membrane

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29
Q

What separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani?

A

Basilar/spiral membrane

30
Q

Where is the spiral organ located, and what is it attached to?

A

On the floor of the cochlear duct; attached to basilar/spiral membrane

31
Q

What is the purpose of the numerous hair-like projections that project superiorward from the basilar/spiral membrane of the spiral organ?

A

They are sensitive to frequency and amplitude of sound waves that enter the cochlea

32
Q

What covers the hair cells seen in the spiral organ?

A

Tectorial membrane

33
Q

Where are the cell bodies located for the primary sensory neurons of the spiral organ that receive information from the receptor cells?

A

Spiral ganglion

34
Q

When sound waves enter the external acoustic meatus, what structure vibrates?

A

Tympanic membrane

35
Q

What structures transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane?

A

Ossicles of the middle ear (malleus, incus, and stapes, in that order)

36
Q

What process amplifies the vibrations 1.2 times?

A

Transmission of vibrations through middle ear ossicles

37
Q

What is the reason that vibrations that enter the external acoustic meatus are amplified another 17 times?

A

The oval window diameter is much smaller than the tympanic membrane

38
Q

The foot of which ossicle articulates with the oval window?

A

Stapes

39
Q

What forms the base of the scala vestibuli?

A

Oval window

40
Q

After the vibrations are transmitted through the ossicles, where are they then transmitted?

A

Through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani, eventually reaching the round window

41
Q

After the vibrations are transmitted through the perilymph, what structure vibrates, and what is the result?

A

Basilar membrane; stimulation of receptors in the spiral organ

42
Q

After the receptors in the spiral organ are stimulated, where is the information then transmitted?

A

To the cochlear nerve

43
Q

What fluid is contained in the saccule, utricle, and three semicircular ducts?

A

Endolymph

44
Q

What are the three semicircular ducts?

A

Anterior, lateral, posterior

45
Q

What does the saccule communicate with?

A

Cochlear duct

46
Q

Which is larger: saccule or utricle?

A

Utricle

47
Q

What does the utricle communicate with?

A

All three semicircular ducts and the saccule

48
Q

How does the utricle communicate with the saccule?

A

Utricosaccular duct

49
Q

What are the sense organs within the utricle and saccule?

A

Hairlike projections called maculae

50
Q

What bathes the maculae?

A

Endolymph

51
Q

What tiny structures float on the endolymph that bathes the maculae?

A

Otoliths

52
Q

What kind of action causes the otoliths to deflect the maculae and thus elicit impulses?

A

Movements of the head

53
Q

Which detects centrifugal and linear in any direction accelerations: utricle or saccule?

A

Utricle

54
Q

Which detects linear accelerations: utricle or saccule?

A

Saccule

55
Q

What are the sense organs located within the semicircular ducts?

A

Crista

56
Q

Where are the crista located in the semicircular ducts?

A

In the ampulla of each duct

57
Q

What movements are the semicircular ducts sensitive to?

A

Accelerations in any direction, but particularly sensitive to rotational accelerations

58
Q

Where are the cell bodies located for the neurons that carry information from the impulses that are initiated by the sense organs of the vestibular labyrinth (maculae and crista)?

A

Vestibular ganglion

59
Q

What are the two branches in which the dendrites carrying information to the vestibular ganglion are collected in?

A

Superior and inferior branch

60
Q

Which branch carrying information to the vestibular ganglion is larger?

A

Superior branch

61
Q

Which branch to the vestibular ganglion carries information from the anterior and lateral semicircular ducts, utricle, and some from the saccule?

A

Superior branch

62
Q

Through what nerve is information carried from the saccule to the superior branch?

A

Voit’s nerve

63
Q

The inferior branch to the vestibular ganglion carries information from where?

A

Posterior semicircular duct and saccule

64
Q

What nerve is made up of axons from the vestibular ganglion?

A

Vestibular nerve

65
Q

What makes up the blood supply to the labyrinth?

A

Internal auditor artery, a branch from the basilar artery

Stylomastoid artery, a branch from the posterior auricular artery

66
Q

What makes up the nerve supply to the labyrinth?

A

Sympathetics from cavernous and/or internal carotid plexuses
Cochlear nerve
Vestibular nerve

67
Q

The cochlear nerve is composed of axons of cells from where?

A

Spiral ganglion

68
Q

What is the pathway of information through the cochlear nerve?

A

Cochlear nuclei –> superior olivary and trapezoid nuclei in medulla oblongata –> lateral lemniscus –> inferior colliculi and medial geniculate bodies –> temporal lobe (Bdmn. areas 41 and 42)

69
Q

The vestibular nerve is composed of axons from where?

A

Vestibular ganglion

70
Q

What is the pathway of information through the vestibular nerve?

A

Vestibular nuclear complex of medulla oblongata –> processed in cerebellum

PNS Final (8 decks)

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