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PNS Final > Unit VII - Sympathetics > Flashcards

Unit VII - Sympathetics Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the cell bodies located for preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

Lateral horn of cord levels T1-L2 or L3

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2
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons exit the cord via what structure?

A

Anterior rootlets

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3
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons follow what structure during their course?

A

Anterior primary ramus

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4
Q

How do preganglionic sympathetic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk?

A

Via white ramus communicans

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5
Q

Where do most preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse?

A

On postganglionic cells in ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

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6
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse if they pass through the sympathetic trunk?

A

Prevertebral plexuses associated with abdominopelvic viscera

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7
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons that pass through the sympathetic trunk are carried in what nerves?

A

Splanchnic nerves

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8
Q

What primary neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

What primary neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

Norepinephrine

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10
Q

Celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior hypogastric plexuses are examples of what kind of plexuses?

A

Prevertebral

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11
Q

What is the name for the two paravertebral columns of interconnected ganglia involved in sympathetic pathways?

A

Sympathetic trunk

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12
Q

What general types of fibers are contained in the sympathetic trunk?

A

BOTH ascending and descending

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13
Q

What is the beginning and end of the sympathetic trunk?

A 
Beginning = superior cervical ganglion
End = Ganglion impar
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14
Q

What is the term for the location where the right and left trunks of the sympathetic trunk connect?

A

Ganglion impar

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15
Q

About how many ganglia are seen in each sympathetic trunk?

A 
21 or 22
Cervical - 3
Thoracic - 11
Lumbar - 4
Sacral - 4
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16
Q

What would be the reason for seeing 21 sympathetic trunk ganglia instead of 22?

A

Formation of a stellate ganglion via fusion of the lowest cervical and highest thoracic ganglia

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17
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk lie in the cervical region?

A

Posterior to carotid sheath

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18
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk lie in the upper thoracic region?

A

Anterior to the necks of the ribs

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19
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk lie in the lower thoracic and lumbar areas?

A

Resting on lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies (more medially as they descend)

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20
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk lie in the sacrococcygeal region?

A

Anterior aspect of sacrum, eventually joining at the level of the coccyx

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21
Q

The cervical sympathetic trunk lies between what structures?

A

Carotid sheath and longus colli and capitis muscles

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22
Q

In which part of the sympathetic trunk do we NOT see white rami communicans?

A

Cervical sympathetic trunk and ganglia

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23
Q

What are the names of the cervical ganglia?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior (usually 3)

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24
Q

What forms the stellate ganglion?

A

Inferior cervical ganglion with first thoracic ganglion

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25
What is the largest of the cervical sympathetic ganglia?
Superior cervical ganglion
26
What forms the superior cervical ganglion?
Union of upper four cervical ganglion
27
Where is the superior cervical ganglion located?
At C2-C3 level, between carotid sheath and longus capitis muscle
28
Postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion are distributed in what branches?
Anterior, medial, or lateral
29
Which postganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion are the gray rami communicans that communicate with the anterior primary rami of C1-C4 and some cranial nerves (IX, X, XII)?
Lateral branches
30
Which postganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion travel to the larynx, pharynx, and heart?
Medial branches
31
What is the name for the postganglionic branches that travel to the heart from the superior cervical ganglion?
Superior cardiac nerves
32
The superior cardiac nerves carry only what type of information?
Efferent
33
Which postganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion follow the common and external carotid arteries?
Anterior branches
34
What do the anterior branches of the postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical ganglion innervate?
Vessels that supply blood to structures inside and outside the skull
35
Which is the smallest of the cervical sympathetic ganglia?
Middle cervical ganglion
36
Where is the middle cervical ganglion located?
C6 level
37
The middle cervical ganglion communicates with anterior primary rami of C5 and C6 nerves via what structures?
Gray rami communicans
38
What branches of the middle cervical ganglion travel to the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
Thyroid branches
39
The thyroid branches of the middle cervical ganglion carry what type of fibers?
Vasomotor
40
Cardiac branches of which cervical ganglion travel to heart as middle cardiac nerves?
Middle cervical ganglion
41
The cardiac branches contribute to what plexus?
Deep part of the cardiac plexus
42
What is the frequency of the formation of a stellate ganglion?
80%
43
What is the location of the inferior cervical ganglion?
C7 transverse process level and neck of first rib
44
The inferior cervical ganglion communicates with the anterior primary rami of C7 and C8 (sometimes T1, if stellate ganglion is present) via what structures?
Gray rami communicans
45
Cardiac branches from the inferior cervical ganglion travel to the heart as what nerves?
Inferior cardiac nerves
46
Branches from the inferior ganglion are sent to which vessel?
Subclavian artery
47
Branches from the inferior cervical ganglion form plexuses around which vessels?
Subclavian, axillary, and vertebral arteries
48
USUALLY, how many thoracic ganglia do we see?
11 (sometimes 12)
49
In what area of the spine do we seen both white and gray rami communicans at all levels?
Thoracics
50
Where is the thoracic sympathetic trunk located in the superior thorax?
Anterior to rib heads
51
Where is the thoracic sympathetic trunk located in the lower part of the thorax?
Lateral aspects of vertebral bodies
52
What kinds of fibers are carried in the branches from the upper five thoracic ganglia?
Postganglionic and visceral afferent
53
Structures in the thoracic cavity are supplied by which of the thoracic ganglia?
Upper five
54
Three splanchnic nerves are associated with which of the thoracic ganglia?
Lower seven
55
What type of fibers are carried in the splanchnic nerves to plexuses in the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
Preganglionic and visceral afferent
56
What forms the greater splanchnic nerves?
5th-9th thoracic ganglia
57
Where does the greater splanchnic nerve terminate?
Celiac ganglion
58
What forms the lesser splanchnic nerve?
9th and 10th/10th and 11th ganglia
59
Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve terminate?
Aorticorenal ganglion
60
What forms the least splanchnic nerve?
12th ganglion
61
Where does the least splanchnic nerve terminate?
Renal plexus
62
What is the location of the lumbar sympathetic trunk?
In the retroperitoneal space on the lateral aspects of the lumbar vertebral bodies
63
Which lumbar ganglia have a white ramus communicans that carries preganglionic axons into the sympathetic trunk?
First 2, sometimes the 3rd
64
Which splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic axons to the plexus surrounding the abdominal aorta?
Two to four lumbar splanchnic nerves
65
What is the location of the sacral sympathetic trunks?
Anterior aspect of sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina
66
How many sacral ganglia are there?
Four (five counting ganglion impar)
67
Where is the ganglion impar formed?
Anterior surface of coccyx
68
Generally, which fibers ascend in the sympathetic trunk?
From the T1 to T5 levels
69
Generally, which fibers descend in the sympathetic trunk?
From the T5 to L2 levels
70
Axons that carry information to the head and neck are carried in which nerves?
T1 and T2
71
Where do axons that carry information to the head and neck synapse?
Superior cervical ganglion
72
Axons that influence the heart arise from which levels?
T1-T4
73
Where do axons that influence the heart synapse?
One of three cervical ganglion (some pass directly to the heart)
74
Axons carrying information that influences the lungs leave the cord in which nerves?
T2-T4
75
Where do axons carrying information that influences the lungs synapse?
2nd, 3rd, and 4th thoracic ganglia
76
Preganglionic fibers carrying information for the upper extremities are carried in which nerves?
T3-T7
77
Where do preganglionic fibers heading for the upper extremities synapse?
Middle cervical and inferior cervical/stellate ganglia
78
Fibers that influence the abdominal viscera arise from which levels?
T5-T12
79
Where do fibers that influence the abdominal viscera synapse?
Lower thoracic ganglia or pass through trunk to be carried by greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves
80
Fibers that influence the pelvic viscera arise from what levels?
T10-L2
81
Where do fibers that influence the pelvic viscera synapse?
Ganglia in the lower thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic areas
82
Preganglionic fibers carrying information for the lower extremities are carried in which nerves?
T10-L2
83
Where do preganglionic fibers carrying information for the lower extremities synapse?
Second lumbar through fourth sacral ganglia
84
In what three ways are fibers carried from the sympathetic trunk?
Nerves, blood vessels, direct branches
85
Virtually all nerves carried from the sympathetic trunk carry what type of fibers?
Postganglionic sympathetic
86
What are the three types of postganglionic sympathetic fibers seen leaving the sympathetic trunk?
Vasoconstrictor/vasomotor, sudomotor, pilomotor (motor to the arrector pili)
87
What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on blood vessels?
Constriction
88
What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on the bronchial tree?
Dilation
89
What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on glandular secretion?
Stimulation
90
What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on the pupils?
Dilation
91
What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on digestive activity?
Inhibition
92
The superior cervical ganglion sends branches to which cranial nerves?
Glossopharyngeal (inferior ganglion), vagus (recurrent laryngeal and auricular), hypoglossal nerves
93
What are the branches from the cervical sympathetic trunk that accompany blood vessels?
Internal carotid nerve, branches accompanying the inferior thyroid artery, branches from the inferior cervical/stellate ganglion to the subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries
94
The internal carotid nerve is a branch from which ganglion?
Superior cervical ganglion

PNS Final (8 decks)

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