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PNS Final > Unit VII - Sympathetics > Flashcards

Unit VII - Sympathetics Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the cell bodies located for preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

Lateral horn of cord levels T1-L2 or L3

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2
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons exit the cord via what structure?

A

Anterior rootlets

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3
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons follow what structure during their course?

A

Anterior primary ramus

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4
Q

How do preganglionic sympathetic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk?

A

Via white ramus communicans

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5
Q

Where do most preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse?

A

On postganglionic cells in ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

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6
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse if they pass through the sympathetic trunk?

A

Prevertebral plexuses associated with abdominopelvic viscera

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7
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons that pass through the sympathetic trunk are carried in what nerves?

A

Splanchnic nerves

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8
Q

What primary neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

What primary neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

Norepinephrine

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10
Q

Celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior hypogastric plexuses are examples of what kind of plexuses?

A

Prevertebral

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11
Q

What is the name for the two paravertebral columns of interconnected ganglia involved in sympathetic pathways?

A

Sympathetic trunk

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12
Q

What general types of fibers are contained in the sympathetic trunk?

A

BOTH ascending and descending

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13
Q

What is the beginning and end of the sympathetic trunk?

A 
Beginning = superior cervical ganglion
End = Ganglion impar
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14
Q

What is the term for the location where the right and left trunks of the sympathetic trunk connect?

A

Ganglion impar

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15
Q

About how many ganglia are seen in each sympathetic trunk?

A 
21 or 22
Cervical - 3
Thoracic - 11
Lumbar - 4
Sacral - 4
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16
Q

What would be the reason for seeing 21 sympathetic trunk ganglia instead of 22?

A

Formation of a stellate ganglion via fusion of the lowest cervical and highest thoracic ganglia

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17
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk lie in the cervical region?

A

Posterior to carotid sheath

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18
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk lie in the upper thoracic region?

A

Anterior to the necks of the ribs

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19
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk lie in the lower thoracic and lumbar areas?

A

Resting on lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies (more medially as they descend)

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20
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk lie in the sacrococcygeal region?

A

Anterior aspect of sacrum, eventually joining at the level of the coccyx

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21
Q

The cervical sympathetic trunk lies between what structures?

A

Carotid sheath and longus colli and capitis muscles

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22
Q

In which part of the sympathetic trunk do we NOT see white rami communicans?

A

Cervical sympathetic trunk and ganglia

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23
Q

What are the names of the cervical ganglia?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior (usually 3)

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24
Q

What forms the stellate ganglion?

A

Inferior cervical ganglion with first thoracic ganglion

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25
Q

What is the largest of the cervical sympathetic ganglia?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

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26
Q

What forms the superior cervical ganglion?

A

Union of upper four cervical ganglion

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27
Q

Where is the superior cervical ganglion located?

A

At C2-C3 level, between carotid sheath and longus capitis muscle

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28
Q

Postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion are distributed in what branches?

A

Anterior, medial, or lateral

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29
Q

Which postganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion are the gray rami communicans that communicate with the anterior primary rami of C1-C4 and some cranial nerves (IX, X, XII)?

A

Lateral branches

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30
Q

Which postganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion travel to the larynx, pharynx, and heart?

A

Medial branches

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31
Q

What is the name for the postganglionic branches that travel to the heart from the superior cervical ganglion?

A

Superior cardiac nerves

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32
Q

The superior cardiac nerves carry only what type of information?

A

Efferent

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33
Q

Which postganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion follow the common and external carotid arteries?

A

Anterior branches

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34
Q

What do the anterior branches of the postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical ganglion innervate?

A

Vessels that supply blood to structures inside and outside the skull

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35
Q

Which is the smallest of the cervical sympathetic ganglia?

A

Middle cervical ganglion

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36
Q

Where is the middle cervical ganglion located?

A

C6 level

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37
Q

The middle cervical ganglion communicates with anterior primary rami of C5 and C6 nerves via what structures?

A

Gray rami communicans

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38
Q

What branches of the middle cervical ganglion travel to the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Thyroid branches

39
Q

The thyroid branches of the middle cervical ganglion carry what type of fibers?

A

Vasomotor

40
Q

Cardiac branches of which cervical ganglion travel to heart as middle cardiac nerves?

A

Middle cervical ganglion

41
Q

The cardiac branches contribute to what plexus?

A

Deep part of the cardiac plexus

42
Q

What is the frequency of the formation of a stellate ganglion?

A

80%

43
Q

What is the location of the inferior cervical ganglion?

A

C7 transverse process level and neck of first rib

44
Q

The inferior cervical ganglion communicates with the anterior primary rami of C7 and C8 (sometimes T1, if stellate ganglion is present) via what structures?

A

Gray rami communicans

45
Q

Cardiac branches from the inferior cervical ganglion travel to the heart as what nerves?

A

Inferior cardiac nerves

46
Q

Branches from the inferior ganglion are sent to which vessel?

A

Subclavian artery

47
Q

Branches from the inferior cervical ganglion form plexuses around which vessels?

A

Subclavian, axillary, and vertebral arteries

48
Q

USUALLY, how many thoracic ganglia do we see?

A

11 (sometimes 12)

49
Q

In what area of the spine do we seen both white and gray rami communicans at all levels?

A

Thoracics

50
Q

Where is the thoracic sympathetic trunk located in the superior thorax?

A

Anterior to rib heads

51
Q

Where is the thoracic sympathetic trunk located in the lower part of the thorax?

A

Lateral aspects of vertebral bodies

52
Q

What kinds of fibers are carried in the branches from the upper five thoracic ganglia?

A

Postganglionic and visceral afferent

53
Q

Structures in the thoracic cavity are supplied by which of the thoracic ganglia?

A

Upper five

54
Q

Three splanchnic nerves are associated with which of the thoracic ganglia?

A

Lower seven

55
Q

What type of fibers are carried in the splanchnic nerves to plexuses in the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

Preganglionic and visceral afferent

56
Q

What forms the greater splanchnic nerves?

A

5th-9th thoracic ganglia

57
Q

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve terminate?

A

Celiac ganglion

58
Q

What forms the lesser splanchnic nerve?

A

9th and 10th/10th and 11th ganglia

59
Q

Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve terminate?

A

Aorticorenal ganglion

60
Q

What forms the least splanchnic nerve?

A

12th ganglion

61
Q

Where does the least splanchnic nerve terminate?

A

Renal plexus

62
Q

What is the location of the lumbar sympathetic trunk?

A

In the retroperitoneal space on the lateral aspects of the lumbar vertebral bodies

63
Q

Which lumbar ganglia have a white ramus communicans that carries preganglionic axons into the sympathetic trunk?

A

First 2, sometimes the 3rd

64
Q

Which splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic axons to the plexus surrounding the abdominal aorta?

A

Two to four lumbar splanchnic nerves

65
Q

What is the location of the sacral sympathetic trunks?

A

Anterior aspect of sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina

66
Q

How many sacral ganglia are there?

A

Four (five counting ganglion impar)

67
Q

Where is the ganglion impar formed?

A

Anterior surface of coccyx

68
Q

Generally, which fibers ascend in the sympathetic trunk?

A

From the T1 to T5 levels

69
Q

Generally, which fibers descend in the sympathetic trunk?

A

From the T5 to L2 levels

70
Q

Axons that carry information to the head and neck are carried in which nerves?

A

T1 and T2

71
Q

Where do axons that carry information to the head and neck synapse?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

72
Q

Axons that influence the heart arise from which levels?

A

T1-T4

73
Q

Where do axons that influence the heart synapse?

A

One of three cervical ganglion (some pass directly to the heart)

74
Q

Axons carrying information that influences the lungs leave the cord in which nerves?

A

T2-T4

75
Q

Where do axons carrying information that influences the lungs synapse?

A

2nd, 3rd, and 4th thoracic ganglia

76
Q

Preganglionic fibers carrying information for the upper extremities are carried in which nerves?

A

T3-T7

77
Q

Where do preganglionic fibers heading for the upper extremities synapse?

A

Middle cervical and inferior cervical/stellate ganglia

78
Q

Fibers that influence the abdominal viscera arise from which levels?

A

T5-T12

79
Q

Where do fibers that influence the abdominal viscera synapse?

A

Lower thoracic ganglia or pass through trunk to be carried by greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves

80
Q

Fibers that influence the pelvic viscera arise from what levels?

A

T10-L2

81
Q

Where do fibers that influence the pelvic viscera synapse?

A

Ganglia in the lower thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic areas

82
Q

Preganglionic fibers carrying information for the lower extremities are carried in which nerves?

A

T10-L2

83
Q

Where do preganglionic fibers carrying information for the lower extremities synapse?

A

Second lumbar through fourth sacral ganglia

84
Q

In what three ways are fibers carried from the sympathetic trunk?

A

Nerves, blood vessels, direct branches

85
Q

Virtually all nerves carried from the sympathetic trunk carry what type of fibers?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic

86
Q

What are the three types of postganglionic sympathetic fibers seen leaving the sympathetic trunk?

A

Vasoconstrictor/vasomotor, sudomotor, pilomotor (motor to the arrector pili)

87
Q

What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on blood vessels?

A

Constriction

88
Q

What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on the bronchial tree?

A

Dilation

89
Q

What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on glandular secretion?

A

Stimulation

90
Q

What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on the pupils?

A

Dilation

91
Q

What effect do direct branches from the sympathetic trunk have on digestive activity?

A

Inhibition

92
Q

The superior cervical ganglion sends branches to which cranial nerves?

A

Glossopharyngeal (inferior ganglion), vagus (recurrent laryngeal and auricular), hypoglossal nerves

93
Q

What are the branches from the cervical sympathetic trunk that accompany blood vessels?

A

Internal carotid nerve, branches accompanying the inferior thyroid artery, branches from the inferior cervical/stellate ganglion to the subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries

94
Q

The internal carotid nerve is a branch from which ganglion?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

PNS Final (8 decks)

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