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AP Psych > Unit VIII - Clinical Psychology and Unit IX - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit VIII - Clinical Psychology and Unit IX - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

a condition characterized by distressing, impairing, and/or irregular thoughts, feelings, behaviors

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2
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders

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3
Q

Confidentiality

A

info between a patient and a therapist that can’t be shared

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4
Q

Insanity Defense

A

a defense that someone can plead in a trail

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5
Q

Medical (Biological) Explanation of Abnormal Behavior

A

disorders are a result of biological issues

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6
Q

Psychodynamic Explanation of Abnormal Behavior

A

disorders come from unresolved childhood conflicts

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7
Q

Humanistic Explanation of Abnormal Behavior

A

individuals are responsible for their own behavior

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8
Q

Cognitive Explanation of Abnormal Behavior

A

disorders are caused by thoughts and beliefs

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9
Q

Behavioral Explanation of Abnormal Behavior

A

disorders are learned responses (reinforcement)

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10
Q

Socio-Cultural Explanation of Abnormal Behavior

A

disorders are shaped by family, society, culture

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11
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorder

A

group of conditions in which growth of brain is affected

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12
Q

Neurocognitive Disorder

A

decreased mental function due to disease other than a psychiatric illness

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13
Q

ADHD Symptoms

A
  • unable to sit still
  • constant fidgeting
  • can’t concentrate
  • excessive talking
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14
Q

Autism Symptoms

A
  • difficulty communicating
  • must follow certain routine
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15
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms

A
  • mental decline
  • confusion
  • delusions
  • forgetfulness
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16
Q

Delirium Symptoms

A
  • confusion
  • difficulty paying attention
  • difficulty thinking
  • drowsiness
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17
Q

Hallucinations

A

an experience involving perception of something not actually there

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18
Q

Delusions

A

a false belief/judgement about external reality

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19
Q

Catatonia

A

irregular movement and behavior coming from a disturbed mental state

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20
Q

Bipolar I

A

more highs than lows

energetic and then depressed states

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21
Q

Manic Episode

A

state characterized by high energy, excitement, decreased need for sleep, a high

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22
Q

Rapid Cycling

A

presence of at least 4 mood episodes in previous 12 months that meet the criteria for manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episode

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23
Q

Bipolar II

A

more lows than highs

energetic and then depressed states

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24
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

exaggerated feeling of happiness, very talkative, does risky behavior

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25
Q

MDD Symptoms

A
  • irritability
  • hard to sleep
  • hopelessness
  • depression
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26
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Symptoms

A
  • down most of the day
  • losing interest in hobbies
  • low energy
  • sleeping too much
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27
Q

Persistent Depression (PDD) Symptoms

A
  • sadness
  • lack of energy
  • low self-esteem
  • trouble focusing
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28
Q

Premenstrual Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms

A
  • depression
  • irritability
  • moodiness
  • feeling overwhelmed
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29
Q

Generalized Anxiety (GAD) Symptoms

A
  • restlessness
  • trouble concentrating
  • muscle tension
  • trouble sleeping
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30
Q

Panic Disorder Symptoms

A
  • sudden episodes of intense anxiety
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31
Q

Phobias

A

extreme fear of something

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32
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of situations where one has felt loss of control/panic

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33
Q

Social Phobia

A

fear of social situations

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34
Q

Selective Mutism Symptoms

A
  • nervous
  • socially awkward
  • rude
  • clingy
  • shy
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35
Q

OCD Symptoms

A
  • obsessive thoughts
  • compulsive behaviors
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36
Q

Hoarding Disorder Symptoms

A
  • can’t get rid of possessions
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37
Q

PTSD Symptoms

A
  • haunted memories
  • nightmares
  • social withdrawal
  • jumpy anxiety
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38
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

condition that involves experiencing a loss of connection between thoughts, memories, surroundings, behaviors, identity

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39
Q

Dissociative Amnesia Symptoms

A
  • memory loss that can’t be explained
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40
Q

Dissociative Amnesia With Fugue Symptoms

A
  • memory loss that can’t be explained
  • wonders away from home
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41
Q

Depersonalization Disorder

A

you often feel that you’re seeing yourself from outside your body

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42
Q

Derealization Disorder

A

you sense that things around you aren’t real

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43
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Symptoms

A

existence of two or more identities

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44
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

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45
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder Symptoms

A
  • worry
  • depression
  • anxiety
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46
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD) Disorder Symptoms

A
  • constantly thinking you have a disease
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47
Q

Conversion Disorder Symptoms

A
  • loss of sense without known cause
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48
Q

Factitious Disorder Symptoms

A
  • stomach pain
  • seizures
  • passing out
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49
Q

Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms

A
  • altered body image
  • low body weight
  • fear of being fat
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50
Q

Bulimia Nervosa Symptoms

A
  • normal/above average body weight
  • episodes of binge eating and then purposely vomiting
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51
Q

Paranoid Symptoms

A
  • grudges
  • isolation
  • sensitive to criticism
  • not trust others
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52
Q

Schizoid Symptoms

A
  • doesn’t enjoy close relationships
  • doesn’t like many activities
  • lacks close friends
  • indifferent to praise/criticisms
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53
Q

Schizotypal Symptoms

A
  • unusual behavior, thinking,, manners
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54
Q

Histrionic Symptoms

A
  • constantly seeking attention
  • inappropriate behavior
  • flirtatious
  • manipulative
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55
Q

Narcissistic Symptoms

A
  • lots of confidence
  • lack of empathy
  • sense of specialness
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56
Q

Borderline Symptoms

A
  • fear of abandonment
  • unclear self-image
  • impulsive
  • self-harm
  • feeling of empathy
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57
Q

Antisocial Symptoms

A
  • act witty and charming
  • break law repeatedly
  • not show guilt
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58
Q

Avoidant Symptoms

A
  • need to be well liked
  • lack of pleasure in hobbies
  • anxiety about saying/doing wrong things
  • people pleaser
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59
Q

Dependent Symptoms

A
  • uncomfortable when alone
  • fear of being abandoned
  • needing assurance
60
Q

Psychiatrist

A

medical doctor who specializes in mental health

61
Q

Clinical Psychologist

A

access, diagnose, and treat mental, emotional, behavior disorders

62
Q

Systematic Desensitization Therapy Steps

A
  • relax your muscles
  • make a list of your fears and rank them
  • slowly expose them to yourself
63
Q

Flooding Therapy Steps

A

expose yourself to fear for a long time until you calm down

64
Q

Aversive Conditioning Therapy Steps

A

do something you enjoy while exposed to fear

65
Q

Behavior Modification Therapy

A
  • alteration of behavioral patterns
  • use of biofeedback and positive/negative reinforcement
66
Q

Token Economics Therapy

A
  • based on operant learning
  • rewarding tokens as a reward
67
Q

Modeling

A

an observer imitates a role model

68
Q

Shaping

A

training a learned behavior

69
Q

Biofeedback

A
  • mind-body technique
  • use to control body’s functions (heart rate, breathing, muscle responses)
70
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A

replace stressful thoughts with less stressful

71
Q

Albert Ellis’ Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

A

helps you identify irrational beliefs/negative thought patterns that lead to emotional/behavioral issues

72
Q

RET Actions

A

self guided sequence of movements to reach a goal

73
Q

RET Beliefs

A

internal state that is often related to a particular response in the form of a statement or action

74
Q

RET Consequences

A

response to bad behavior

75
Q

Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad Therapy

A

focuses on distortions/thought processes that can lead to negative behaviors

76
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

alter unwanted behavior patterns or treat mood disorders

77
Q

Insight Therapy

A

interactions to help client’s self-knowledge and to promote healthy changes in personality

78
Q

Free Association

A

patients can say whatever they want

79
Q

Dream Interpretation

A

interpretation of dreams to determine meanings

80
Q

Resistance

A

opposition of therapy process

81
Q

Transference

A

someone redirects their feelings

82
Q

Catharsis

A

releasing negative emotions

83
Q

Psychodynamic and Interpersonal Therapy

A

helps people with a range of different problems

84
Q

Client Centered Therapy

A

non-directed approach to talk therapy (client takes the reins)

85
Q

Unconditioned Positive Regard

A

showing complete support

85
Q

Genuineness

A

intentionals attribute of someone’s character that is honest and thoughtful

86
Q

Active Listening

A

full attention to client

86
Q

Empathetic Understanding

A

imaging oneself in a person’s situation to understand them

87
Q

Self-Actualization

A

individual reaches full potential

88
Q

Gestalt Therapy

A

increasing a person’s awareness, freedom, and self-direction

89
Q

Metacognition

A
  • thinking about thinking
  • control of personal thought processes
90
Q

Psychopharmacotherapy

A

use of psychoactive drugs in systematic treatment or control of mental disorders

91
Q

Antipsychotics

A
  • type of drug
  • used to treat psychosis
92
Q

Antianxiety Therapy

A
  • type of drug
  • used to treat anxiety
93
Q

Antidepressant

A
  • type of drug
  • used to treat depression
94
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A
  • involves sending an electric current through the brain
  • used to treat severe depression, schizophrenia
95
Q

Psychosurgery

A
  • disconnection of brain tissue
  • alter cognitive states
96
Q

Social Cognition

A

ability to understand mental states such as beliefs, emotions of others

97
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

observers underemphasize situational/environmental factors for behavior of actor while emphasizing personality factors
ex. she’s 10 mins late so she must be lazy (but there’s a lot of traffic)

98
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

people often regard situations in which he/she is involved as caused by external factors and to regard situation he/she observes as caused by actions of those involved
ex. you fall on the concrete and blame the hole, but when you see others fall, you think they’re clumsy

99
Q

Blaming the Victim

A

puts responsibility on the victim
ex. you were asking for it with that shirt

100
Q

Just-World Hypothesis

A

world is fair, that moral standings of our actions will determine our outcomes

101
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A
  • attribute successes to our character/actions
  • attribute failures into external circumstances
    ex. I got 100 on the test! I’m so smart
    ex. I got 60 on the test, the teacher didn’t prepare me
102
Q

Halo Effect

A

overall impression of a person influences how we feel/think about our character
ex. you see a pretty person, you assume they’re smart, kind, etc

103
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

expectation that makes you act in ways that make expectation come true
ex. you think you failed the test and then you actually did

104
Q

Attitude

A

feelings that affect our reactions to other people, objects, events

105
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

theory identifying two ways to persuade: central route/peripheral route

106
Q

Central Route of Persuation

A

influencing attitudes using evidence and logic
“you should buy this because it’s been proven more effective”

107
Q

Peripheral Route of Persuasion

A

appealing to fears, desires
“people who buy this are happier and more attractive”

108
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

when our actions are not in harmony with our attitudes
ex. you want to be healthy, but have a bad diet

109
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

individual conforms to majority

110
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

individual wants to be right, or do the right thing

111
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A
  • examined effects of authority and powerless
  • guards became abusive/authoritarian while prisoners became submissive/emotionally distressed
112
Q

Milgram Experiment

A
  • how far people would go in obeying an instruction that harmed another person
  • most continued to 450 volts
113
Q

Compliance

A

action of person agreeing to something when told

114
Q

Door in the Face

A

making a large request knowing it will be turned down and then making a smaller request

115
Q

Foot in the Door

A

making smaller requests to get a big one

116
Q

That’s Not All Commitment

A

presenting a large request but offering an additional benefit

117
Q

Low-Ball Commitment

A

item is offered at lower price so buyer will commit and then price increases

118
Q

Social Groups

A

people who interact with another, share similar interests

119
Q

Norms

A

rules about how acceptable something is

120
Q

Social Facilitation

A

people perform better when there’s a presence of others

121
Q

Social Inhibition

A

stable tendency to inhibit expression of emotions and behaviors in social interaction

122
Q

Social Loafing

A

effort is lower when in a group

123
Q

Deindividuation

A

people lose their identity and focus on the group as a whole

124
Q

Group Polarization

A

decisions of groups tend to be more extreme than an individual’s decision

125
Q

Group Think

A

a group reaches a decision without critical thinking or consequences

126
Q

Social Trap

A

short-term gains, long-term loss
ex. snoozing your alarm in the morning makes it harder to get up

127
Q

Reciprocity Norm

A

repay in kindness for what others have done for you

128
Q

Bystander Effect

A

people are less likely to help someone when there’s a lot of people around

129
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

the more people, the less likely someone will help the victim

130
Q

In Group

A

group of people you belong in

131
Q

Out Group

A

anyone who doesn’t belong in your group

132
Q

Prejudice

A

an unjustified attitude toward a group

133
Q

Discrimination

A

unjustified behavior applied to members of a group

134
Q

Stereotypes

A

generalized belief about a group

135
Q

Scapegoat Theory

A

when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outlet
ex. Hitler

136
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

see the world through lens of your culture

137
Q

Out Group Homogeneity

A

illusion that members of an outgroup are all similar

138
Q

Contact Theory

A

bringing members from different groups together to reduce prejudice

139
Q

Superordinate Goal

A

goal that takes place over conditioned goals
ex. getting healthier by going to the gym CONSISTENTLY

140
Q

Mere-Exposure Effect

A

people prefer familiar things over unfamiliar things

141
Q

Attraction

A

taking interest in another person

142
Q

Altruism

A

unselfish regard for welfare of other people
ex. giving your food to a hungry person even though you’re hungry

143
Q

Aggression

A

behavior with intent of harming another person/thing

144
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

aggressive behavior meant to achieve a goal
ex. terrorist

145
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

“hot” impulsive behavior motivated by desire to hurt someone

AP Psych (6 decks)

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