Unit VIII - Clinical Psychology and Unit IX - Social Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Psychological Disorder
A
a condition characterized by distressing, impairing, and/or irregular thoughts, feelings, behaviors
2
Q
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
A
guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders
3
Q
Confidentiality
A
info between a patient and a therapist that can’t be shared
4
Q
Insanity Defense
A
a defense that someone can plead in a trail
5
Q
Medical (Biological) Explanation of Abnormal Behavior
A
disorders are a result of biological issues
6
Q
Psychodynamic Explanation of Abnormal Behavior
A
disorders come from unresolved childhood conflicts
7
Q
Humanistic Explanation of Abnormal Behavior
A
individuals are responsible for their own behavior
8
Q
Cognitive Explanation of Abnormal Behavior
A
disorders are caused by thoughts and beliefs
9
Q
Behavioral Explanation of Abnormal Behavior
A
disorders are learned responses (reinforcement)
10
Q
Socio-Cultural Explanation of Abnormal Behavior
A
disorders are shaped by family, society, culture
11
Q
Neurodevelopmental Disorder
A
group of conditions in which growth of brain is affected
12
Q
Neurocognitive Disorder
A
decreased mental function due to disease other than a psychiatric illness
13
Q
ADHD Symptoms
A
- unable to sit still
- constant fidgeting
- can’t concentrate
- excessive talking
14
Q
Autism Symptoms
A
- difficulty communicating
- must follow certain routine
15
Q
Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms
A
- mental decline
- confusion
- delusions
- forgetfulness
16
Q
Delirium Symptoms
A
- confusion
- difficulty paying attention
- difficulty thinking
- drowsiness
17
Q
Hallucinations
A
an experience involving perception of something not actually there
18
Q
Delusions
A
a false belief/judgement about external reality
19
Q
Catatonia
A
irregular movement and behavior coming from a disturbed mental state
20
Q
Bipolar I
A
more highs than lows
energetic and then depressed states
21
Q
Manic Episode
A
state characterized by high energy, excitement, decreased need for sleep, a high
22
Q
Rapid Cycling
A
presence of at least 4 mood episodes in previous 12 months that meet the criteria for manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episode
23
Q
Bipolar II
A
more lows than highs
energetic and then depressed states
24
Q
Cyclothymic Disorder
A
exaggerated feeling of happiness, very talkative, does risky behavior
25
MDD Symptoms
- irritability
- hard to sleep
- hopelessness
- depression
26
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Symptoms
- down most of the day
- losing interest in hobbies
- low energy
- sleeping too much
27
Persistent Depression (PDD) Symptoms
- sadness
- lack of energy
- low self-esteem
- trouble focusing
28
Premenstrual Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms
- depression
- irritability
- moodiness
- feeling overwhelmed
29
Generalized Anxiety (GAD) Symptoms
- restlessness
- trouble concentrating
- muscle tension
- trouble sleeping
30
Panic Disorder Symptoms
- sudden episodes of intense anxiety
31
Phobias
extreme fear of something
32
Agoraphobia
fear of situations where one has felt loss of control/panic
33
Social Phobia
fear of social situations
34
Selective Mutism Symptoms
- nervous
- socially awkward
- rude
- clingy
- shy
35
OCD Symptoms
- obsessive thoughts
- compulsive behaviors
36
Hoarding Disorder Symptoms
- can't get rid of possessions
37
PTSD Symptoms
- haunted memories
- nightmares
- social withdrawal
- jumpy anxiety
38
Dissociative Disorder
condition that involves experiencing a loss of connection between thoughts, memories, surroundings, behaviors, identity
39
Dissociative Amnesia Symptoms
- memory loss that can't be explained
40
Dissociative Amnesia With Fugue Symptoms
- memory loss that can't be explained
- wonders away from home
41
Depersonalization Disorder
you often feel that you're seeing yourself from outside your body
42
Derealization Disorder
you sense that things around you aren't real
43
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Symptoms
existence of two or more identities
44
Somatic Symptom Disorder
symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
45
Somatic Symptom Disorder Symptoms
- worry
- depression
- anxiety
46
Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD) Disorder Symptoms
- constantly thinking you have a disease
47
Conversion Disorder Symptoms
- loss of sense without known cause
48
Factitious Disorder Symptoms
- stomach pain
- seizures
- passing out
49
Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms
- altered body image
- low body weight
- fear of being fat
50
Bulimia Nervosa Symptoms
- normal/above average body weight
- episodes of binge eating and then purposely vomiting
51
Paranoid Symptoms
- grudges
- isolation
- sensitive to criticism
- not trust others
52
Schizoid Symptoms
- doesn't enjoy close relationships
- doesn't like many activities
- lacks close friends
- indifferent to praise/criticisms
53
Schizotypal Symptoms
- unusual behavior, thinking,, manners
54
Histrionic Symptoms
- constantly seeking attention
- inappropriate behavior
- flirtatious
- manipulative
55
Narcissistic Symptoms
- lots of confidence
- lack of empathy
- sense of specialness
56
Borderline Symptoms
- fear of abandonment
- unclear self-image
- impulsive
- self-harm
- feeling of empathy
57
Antisocial Symptoms
- act witty and charming
- break law repeatedly
- not show guilt
58
Avoidant Symptoms
- need to be well liked
- lack of pleasure in hobbies
- anxiety about saying/doing wrong things
- people pleaser
59
Dependent Symptoms
- uncomfortable when alone
- fear of being abandoned
- needing assurance
60
Psychiatrist
medical doctor who specializes in mental health
61
Clinical Psychologist
access, diagnose, and treat mental, emotional, behavior disorders
62
Systematic Desensitization Therapy Steps
- relax your muscles
- make a list of your fears and rank them
- slowly expose them to yourself
63
Flooding Therapy Steps
expose yourself to fear for a long time until you calm down
64
Aversive Conditioning Therapy Steps
do something you enjoy while exposed to fear
65
Behavior Modification Therapy
- alteration of behavioral patterns
- use of biofeedback and positive/negative reinforcement
66
Token Economics Therapy
- based on operant learning
- rewarding tokens as a reward
67
Modeling
an observer imitates a role model
68
Shaping
training a learned behavior
69
Biofeedback
- mind-body technique
- use to control body's functions (heart rate, breathing, muscle responses)
70
Cognitive Restructuring
replace stressful thoughts with less stressful
71
Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
helps you identify irrational beliefs/negative thought patterns that lead to emotional/behavioral issues
72
RET Actions
self guided sequence of movements to reach a goal
73
RET Beliefs
internal state that is often related to a particular response in the form of a statement or action
74
RET Consequences
response to bad behavior
75
Aaron Beck's Cognitive Triad Therapy
focuses on distortions/thought processes that can lead to negative behaviors
76
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
alter unwanted behavior patterns or treat mood disorders
77
Insight Therapy
interactions to help client's self-knowledge and to promote healthy changes in personality
78
Free Association
patients can say whatever they want
79
Dream Interpretation
interpretation of dreams to determine meanings
80
Resistance
opposition of therapy process
81
Transference
someone redirects their feelings
82
Catharsis
releasing negative emotions
83
Psychodynamic and Interpersonal Therapy
helps people with a range of different problems
84
Client Centered Therapy
non-directed approach to talk therapy (client takes the reins)
85
Unconditioned Positive Regard
showing complete support
85
Genuineness
intentionals attribute of someone's character that is honest and thoughtful
86
Active Listening
full attention to client
86
Empathetic Understanding
imaging oneself in a person's situation to understand them
87
Self-Actualization
individual reaches full potential
88
Gestalt Therapy
increasing a person's awareness, freedom, and self-direction
89
Metacognition
- thinking about thinking
- control of personal thought processes
90
Psychopharmacotherapy
use of psychoactive drugs in systematic treatment or control of mental disorders
91
Antipsychotics
- type of drug
- used to treat psychosis
92
Antianxiety Therapy
- type of drug
- used to treat anxiety
93
Antidepressant
- type of drug
- used to treat depression
94
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- involves sending an electric current through the brain
- used to treat severe depression, schizophrenia
95
Psychosurgery
- disconnection of brain tissue
- alter cognitive states
96
Social Cognition
ability to understand mental states such as beliefs, emotions of others
97
Fundamental Attribution Error
observers underemphasize situational/environmental factors for behavior of actor while emphasizing personality factors
ex. she's 10 mins late so she must be lazy (but there's a lot of traffic)
98
Actor-Observer Bias
people often regard situations in which he/she is involved as caused by external factors and to regard situation he/she observes as caused by actions of those involved
ex. you fall on the concrete and blame the hole, but when you see others fall, you think they're clumsy
99
Blaming the Victim
puts responsibility on the victim
ex. you were asking for it with that shirt
100
Just-World Hypothesis
world is fair, that moral standings of our actions will determine our outcomes
101
Self-Serving Bias
- attribute successes to our character/actions
- attribute failures into external circumstances
ex. I got 100 on the test! I'm so smart
ex. I got 60 on the test, the teacher didn't prepare me
102
Halo Effect
overall impression of a person influences how we feel/think about our character
ex. you see a pretty person, you assume they're smart, kind, etc
103
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
expectation that makes you act in ways that make expectation come true
ex. you think you failed the test and then you actually did
104
Attitude
feelings that affect our reactions to other people, objects, events
105
Elaboration Likelihood Model
theory identifying two ways to persuade: central route/peripheral route
106
Central Route of Persuation
influencing attitudes using evidence and logic
"you should buy this because it's been proven more effective"
107
Peripheral Route of Persuasion
appealing to fears, desires
"people who buy this are happier and more attractive"
108
Cognitive Dissonance
when our actions are not in harmony with our attitudes
ex. you want to be healthy, but have a bad diet
109
Normative Social Influence
individual conforms to majority
110
Informational Social Influence
individual wants to be right, or do the right thing
111
Stanford Prison Experiment
- examined effects of authority and powerless
- guards became abusive/authoritarian while prisoners became submissive/emotionally distressed
112
Milgram Experiment
- how far people would go in obeying an instruction that harmed another person
- most continued to 450 volts
113
Compliance
action of person agreeing to something when told
114
Door in the Face
making a large request knowing it will be turned down and then making a smaller request
115
Foot in the Door
making smaller requests to get a big one
116
That's Not All Commitment
presenting a large request but offering an additional benefit
117
Low-Ball Commitment
item is offered at lower price so buyer will commit and then price increases
118
Social Groups
people who interact with another, share similar interests
119
Norms
rules about how acceptable something is
120
Social Facilitation
people perform better when there's a presence of others
121
Social Inhibition
stable tendency to inhibit expression of emotions and behaviors in social interaction
122
Social Loafing
effort is lower when in a group
123
Deindividuation
people lose their identity and focus on the group as a whole
124
Group Polarization
decisions of groups tend to be more extreme than an individual's decision
125
Group Think
a group reaches a decision without critical thinking or consequences
126
Social Trap
short-term gains, long-term loss
ex. snoozing your alarm in the morning makes it harder to get up
127
Reciprocity Norm
repay in kindness for what others have done for you
128
Bystander Effect
people are less likely to help someone when there's a lot of people around
129
Diffusion of Responsibility
the more people, the less likely someone will help the victim
130
In Group
group of people you belong in
131
Out Group
anyone who doesn't belong in your group
132
Prejudice
an unjustified attitude toward a group
133
Discrimination
unjustified behavior applied to members of a group
134
Stereotypes
generalized belief about a group
135
Scapegoat Theory
when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outlet
ex. Hitler
136
Ethnocentrism
see the world through lens of your culture
137
Out Group Homogeneity
illusion that members of an outgroup are all similar
138
Contact Theory
bringing members from different groups together to reduce prejudice
139
Superordinate Goal
goal that takes place over conditioned goals
ex. getting healthier by going to the gym CONSISTENTLY
140
Mere-Exposure Effect
people prefer familiar things over unfamiliar things
141
Attraction
taking interest in another person
142
Altruism
unselfish regard for welfare of other people
ex. giving your food to a hungry person even though you're hungry
143
Aggression
behavior with intent of harming another person/thing
144
Instrumental Aggression
aggressive behavior meant to achieve a goal
ex. terrorist
145
Hostile Aggression
"hot" impulsive behavior motivated by desire to hurt someone
