Unit V - Cognitive Psychology Flashcards
Cognition
mental processes/activities to processing/storing info
George Sperling
- developed partial report technique
- presented participants with letters in rows and told them to recall them
- demonstrated visual sensory memory can hold lots of info but is forgotten quickly
Iconic Sensory Memory
(I con see it)
- momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
- lasts less than half a second
Echoic Sensory Memory
(echo, echo, echo)
- momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
- lasts less than 4 seconds
Chunking
- organizing items to familiar, manageable units
- often occurs automatically
Maintenance Rehearsal (Shallow Processing)
just reading through your notes
Short-Term Memory
- George Miller (JV)
- found out that we can only save 7 pieces of info at a time
Working Memory
- Alan Baddeley (JV2)
- a hypothetical “manager” focuses attention and pulls info from long term memory
Elaborative Rehearsal (Deep Processing)
unlimited capacity storage that you can hold for a long time
Encoding
learning info and taking it in
Explicit (Declarative) Memories
experiences we can declare
Episodic Memory
- memories in an “episode”
- you tie back to a specific time
Semantic Memory
- general knowledge
- doesn’t tie to a specific time
Implicit (Non Declarative) Memories
- skills
- procedures
- conditioned associations
Procedural Memory
memories that include skills, operations, and actions
Recall
ability to store and recall lots of words/digits
Recognition
average person can view lots of new faces/places
Serial-Position Effect
tendency to remember items at beginning and end of list
Encoding Specificity Principal
you recall things easier when the context is the same place
Context Effects
you recover info easier when retrieval occurs in same setting as original
Mood Congruence
we usually recall experiences that are consistently with our current mood
Ebbinghaus’ Experiment
- poor durability of stored memory that leads to its decay
- Forgetting Curve
Encoding Failure
we won’t remember what we fail to encode
Decay Theory
we’ll forget what we learn if we never use it
Proactive Interference (PO)
strong old memories which makes it hard to learn the new one
Retroactive Interference (RN)
new learning interferes with old memories
Suppression
conscious blocking of unpleasant memories
Repression
unconscious blocking of unpleasant memories
False Memory
your brain tricks you to think you had a memory but didn’t
Misinformation Effect
you are given the wrong info and become confused
Source Confusion
you can’t remember where you got your info from
Schema Distortion
your brain can’t organize all the new info and it gets distorted
Imagination Inflation
people increase their confidence about a memory after their brain imagines the memory
False Familiarity
increased feelings of familiarity due to repeatedly imagining an event
Retrograde Amnesia
you lose most/all memories before the accident
Anterograde Amnesia
you lose the ability to make new memories
