unit two: economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialised urban places Flashcards
what are the 4 stages involved in the decline of the inner city?
- industrial change/decline
- increasing unemployment
- declining of shops and services
- declining in housing and environment
what was the pattern of unemployment in birmingham in 2003?
- majority was based in the inner city (i.e. ladywood, sparkbrook etc)
- pockets of high unemployment in the suburbs
what are the social factors involved in the cycle of decline?
- people are made unemployed
- people have less money to spend
- crime rates increased
- lower aspirations/lower wage demand
- out migration of skilled people in search of jobs
what are the environmental factors involved in the cycle of decline?
- dereliction of industrial premises more waste land
- increased burglary, graffiti, vandalism and fly tipping
- environmental/building quality decline
what are the economic factors involved in the cycle of decline?
- industrial decline/de-industrialisation happens
- industries and businesses start to reduce workforce and relocate
- industrial buildings sit empty
- less skilled workforce
- low investor confidence in the area
what is social exclusion in de-industrialised places?
process of de-industrialisation can create areas of deprivation within a city
what is the process that leads to social exclusion of de-industrialised places called?
filtering
What are some of the issues that deprived/filtered areas face?
- poverty/homelessness
- dereliction
- less resources
- decline in public services
- increased crime rates
- poor quality of life
- ageing population
- spiral of decline
how does social exclusion work?
1) de-industrialisation within an area leads to unemployment
2) outward migration of people within with higher levels of skills and education occurs as they find work elsewhere
3) remaining population decline in no. Those who remain suffer high unemployment and have decreased skills/ levels of education level leads to few prospects
4) decreased pop with a lack of spending power causes closure and further decline, lack of key services
5) remaining pop suffer social excursion and deprivation
what is the case study for deprivation?
ladywood, birmingham
in 2008, ‘the campaign to end child poverty’ revealed what?
80% of families fighting for financial survival
Why is ladywood now deprived?
is an inner city location that developed in response to the growth of industry, canals and railway networks. de-industrialisation has led to its decline
in what year was it reported that ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of all constituents in the uk?
2010
in 2009 what percentage of all violent crime occurred in ladywood?
25% in all of birmingham
what does llsoa stand for?
lower layer super output areas
what was the % of homes rented from the council in 2021 in ladywood compared to the national average?
ladywood = 75% vs national average = 9%
what was the % of people in 2021 that had no qualifications in ladywood compared to national average?
ladywood = 29% vs national average = 18%
what are enterprise zones?
these are designated areas in england that provide tax breaks and government support, objective to encourage businesses to establish themselves in these areas and start economic development
how have government policies helped improve areas suffering from deprivation?
- encourage new economic growth in the tertiary sector by attracting fdi in the U.K from mnc’s
- retaining local population
- improving environment
what are some of the benefits the uk government offer to companies?
- businesses who have just one property can claim 100% rate relief if their premises has £275,000 per business, over 5 years
- tax relief for businesses investing largely in plant and machinery in certain areas
- automatic planning permission for certain developments
when and where is hsbc arena central (an enterprise zone) located?
central birmingham, opened in 2013
what does the enterprise zone hsbc arena central contain?
- 1.2 million sq ft of mixed development for work, leisure, retail
- 670,000 sq ft of offices
- 250 bedroom holiday Inn
when was the big city plan introduced?
2010
what did the big city plan plan to do?
add enterprise zones by 2031
what are the six economic zones that will be established in the big city plan?
1) the advanced manufacturing hub
2) tyseley, environmental enterprise district
3) uk science campus
5) city centre enterprise zone
4) long bridge
5) tec park
how much investment will the enterprise zones of the big city plan attract?
£1.5 billion
how many jobs will the enterprise zones of the big city plan create?
50,000
how much new floor space will the enterprise zones of the big city plan create?
1.8 million square feet
what are the problems in living in a heavy industry area?
- contamination of air and water
- noise pollution
- industrial waste
what are the effects caused by the problems of a heavy industry area?
- health problems e.g. asthma
- hazardous piles of mining metals
- sewer outlets directly in canals
- worker hearing problems - noise
What are the outcomes of de-industrialisation?
- clean air zones (planting trees)
- clean water, systems in place
- noise decreased as business moves abroad (mnc’s and globalisation)
- industrial waste decreased due to decline in primary and secondary industry
- now know of impact to environment so cleaner energy used
